简介：MarkedbytheUNClimateChangeConferenceinCopenhagen2009,climatechangeisshapingthenewpatternforfuturegeopoliticswithunprecedenteddrive.Climatechangehassurpassedthecategoryofpureenvironmentproblemandbecomeafocalissueininternationalrelations.Drivenbyclimatechange,newchangeshavetakenplaceintheevolutionofgeopoliticalpattern.(1)Geopoliticalcontentionexpandsintonewfieldsandregions.(2)Measuresandtoolsofgeopoliticalcontentionbecomemorediversified.(3)Mainbodiesofgeopoliticalgamblingaredividedintodifferentgroups.Withthedevelopmentofpoliticization,climatechangehasbecomethesignificantdrivingforcethatcaninfluencetheevolutionofgeopoliticalpattern.Measures,sphereandcontentsofgeopoliticalcontentionchangeddramatically,carbonemissionpermits,carbontariffandnewenergytechnologyturnedintothekeypointsofgeopoliticalcontention.Climatechangeactsontheevolutionofgeopoliticalpatternthroughthreemainpaths:'Feedbackeffect','Tracebackeffect',and'Rippleeffect',andtheyexertinfluenceongeopoliticalpatternwiththreeimpacts:'Depressioneffect','Traceabilityeffect',and'Diffusioneffect'.Wedrawseveralconclusionsfromtheanalysis:(1)Climatechangegraduallybecomesoneofthemostactivedrivingforcestoimpactontheevolutionofgeopoliticalpatterninthepresentworldanditdiversifiesthegeopoliticaltargets.(2)Climatechangegeneratesnewgeopoliticaltools.Thedevelopedcountriesuseclimatechangeasa'Lever'toprystrategicresourceslikeenergyandgrainandthegeopoliticalmeansareinamoresecretiveway.(3)Low-carbontechnology,withnewenergytechnologyasthecore,becomesthekeyfactorofgeopoliticalinfluenceandpowertransition.Thosewhocantakeadvantageofnewenergytechnologieswilloccupytheleadingpositioninfuture’sclimatechangenegotiationsandgeopoliticalcompetition.

简介：气候和植被的改变的高度的坡度由集体举起效果(MEE)是进一步复杂的，特别在高、广泛的山区域。然而，为山的这效果和它的含意高度的带一直不好直到最近学习了。这篇论文提供在过去的5年里执行的研究的概述。MEE是几乎，山山岳和罐头的加热效果在在里面之间并且在一个山团外面的给定的举起上被定义为温度差别。它能数字地与intra山脉底举起(MBE)的三个因素被建模，纬度和测湿的陆性率；MBE通常充当主要因素因为MEE并且，在很大程度上的大小能代表MEE。MEE比在山群众的外面在内部导致更高的treelines。在4800-4900m和snowlines成长在大约6000m发展在做山区的森林南部的西藏的高原和中央安第斯山脉，和森林到的大区域在在世界的很多高山的3500m上面实时。当考虑MEE时，全球treelines的高度的分发能与高精确被建模，结果证明MEE贡献大多数到treeline分发模式。没有MEE，森林能仅仅发展对在生态的模式将多是的海水平和世界上面的大约3500m最高更简单。MEE的quantification应该进一步与更高的分辨率数据被改进，它的全球含意将进一步被表明。

简介：Abstract:Hydrologicalregimesinfluenceecologicalpatternsandprocessesaswellasalterratesofwetlandevapotranspiration.ThisstudyaimedtoinvestigatetheimpactofgroundwaterfluctuationonevapotranspirationofPhragmitesaustralis.SupportedbyfielddataobtainedfromtheBaiyangdianLakeinnorthernChina,thevariationsingroundwaterlevelswereexplored,andthechangesinsoilwaterandevapotranspirationofreedwereanalyzedtoinvestigatedifferentgroundwaterlevelscenariosusingHYDRUS-1Dmodel.Theresultsshowedthatsoilwatercontent,rechargedbygroundwater,remainedstableinthelowersoillayerbutvariedstronglyintheupperlayerofthesoilprofile;incomparisontoevaporation,Phragmitesaustralistranspirationcontributedsignificantlymoretotheoverallevapotranspirationrate;thehighlevelsofevapotranspirationcouldbemaintainedwhengroundwaterlevelsvarybetween1.0mand1.8m,whileitwasreducedwithanincreaseingroundwaterlevelsasaresultofwaterstressconditions.TheresultsalsoindicatedthattheevapotranspirationofPhragmitesaustraliscouldmaintainhigherevapotranspirationratesundernaturalwaterlevels.Theevapotranspiration,inotherwords,mightbethemainwaterconsumer,butitneverthelesshaslittleeffectonwaterlevelsduringwatershortages.TheevapotranspirationofPhragmitesaustralisrespondedtothechangesingroundwaterlevelscouldhelpresearchersunderstandwaterrequirementsofthewetlandsandestablishsuitablewaterlevelsforthewetlands.

简介：Weibeiupland,locatedinsouthernpartoftheLoessPlateau,isacommercialappleproductionbaseinChina.Theenlargementofapple-plantingareahasagreatimpactontheregionalwatercycle.Theeffectsofdifferentlanduseonhydrologicalparametersarecomparedandstudiedinthispaper.Themainresultsareasfollows:(1)Theinitialandsteadyinfiltrationratesinappleorchardarehigherthanthoseinotherlandusetypessuchasgrassland,idlelandandfarmland.Theirinitialratesofinfiltrationare0.823cm/min,0.215cm/min,0.534cm/minand0.586cm/mininappleorchard,grassland,idlelandandfarmlandrespectively.Theirsteadyinfiltrationratesare0.45cm/min,0.038cm/min,0.191cm/minand0.155cm/minrespectively.(2)Thereisnorunoffgeneratedinplotofappleorchardinall8stormeventsinobservednaturalrainfalls,whilerunoffisgeneratedinwinterwheatplot,complotandalfalfaplotwithrunoffcoefficientsof2.39%,1.58%and0.31%respectively.(3)Thetranspirationofappletreesisstrongandthussoilmoistureisgraduallydepleted.Theaveragesoilwatercontentsin3-9msoilprofileinChangwuplotswithappletreesof14and32yearsinageare11.77%and11.59%andinLuochuanplotswiththoseof15and28yearsinageare11.7%and11.59%respectively,whicharenearly9.0%ofwiltingmoistureofChangwusoiland8.6%ofwiltingmoistureofLuochuansoil.Thepathwayofrainfallpercolatingtogroundwaterishinderedbydrysoilprofile.

简介：在种亩的庄稼以后取决于地面雪状况，土壤潮湿损失速度和土壤结构的分析我们在休闲时期与长石的沙岩补救的沙的土地，与沙混合的长石的沙岩在亩的统治改进了沙稳定，这被结束我们在休闲时期的沙的土地。与长石的沙岩补救的沙的陆地有大雪范围，比正常高的25%75%沙；土壤潮湿损失慢下来，并且潮湿内容到超过3次升起了；土壤结构被改进了，并且水马厩总数内容由6.52%18.04%增加了；保护森林的幸存率增加了到85%；并且地面平坦是不到1%。削弱的沙升起亩调节的上述条件我们在休闲时期的沙的土地并且形成了雪的二保护的层盖住并且在冷天气下面玷污冻结的层以便对风侵蚀阻止。

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