简介：Adailydistributedhydrologicalmodelwasdevelopedusingroutinehydro-meteorologicaldataonthebasisoftherasterDEMandlandcoverdata.ThenthemodelwasusedtomodeldailyrunoffoftheDatongRiverValleylocatedintheuppercatchmentoftheYellowRiverBasin.Therunoffcomprisessurfaceflow,subsurfaceflowandgroundwaterflow.Evapotranspirationcomprisescanopyevaporation,snowsublimationandsoilevapotranspiration.TheinfiltrationtothesoilwasestimatedwithimprovedGreen-Amptmodel,andthepotentialevapotranspirationisestimatedwithMortonCRAEmethod,whichonlyneedstheroutinemeteorologicaldata.Simulationresultsandthecomparisonwithsemi-distributedSLURPhydrologicalmodelshowthatthestructureofthemodelpresentedhereinisreasonable.

简介：Inthisstudy,asemi-analyticalformulationbasedontheScaledBoundaryFiniteElementMethod(SBFEM)wasproposedandusedtoobtainthesolutionforthecharacteristicsofatwo-dimensionaldam-reservoirsystemwithabsorptivereservoirbottominthefrequencydomain.Forsimplicity,thedamwitharbitraryupstreamfaceswasassumedtoberigidandwassubjectedtoahorizontalgroundacceleration,whilethereservoirwithabsorptivebottomwasassumedtobesemi-infinite.Thereservoirwasdividedintotwosub-domains:anear-fieldsub-domainandafar-fieldsub-domain.Thenear-fieldsub-domainwitharbitrarygeometrywasmodelledbytheFiniteElementMethod(FEM),whiletheeffectsofthefar-fieldsub-domainwhichwasassumedtobehorizontalweredescribedbyasemi-analyticalformation.Thesemi-analyticalformulationinvolvedtheeffectofabsorptivereservoirbottom,aswellastheradiationdampingeffectofasemi-infinitereservoir.AFEM/SBFEMcouplingformulationwaspresentedtosolvedam-reservoircoupledproblems.Theaccuracyandefficiencyofthecouplingformulationweredemonstratedbycomputingsomebenchmarkexamples.Highlyaccurateresultsareproducedevenifthenear-fieldsub-domainisverysmall.

简介：A3-DnumericalformulationisproposedonthehorizontalCartesian,verticalsigma-coordinategridformodelingnon-hydrostaticpressurefree-surfaceflows.Thepressuredecompositiontechniqueandθsemi-implicitmethodareused,withthesolutionprocedurebeingsplitintotwosteps.First,withtheimplicitpartsofnon-hydrostaticpressuresexcluded,theprovisionalvelocityfieldandfreesurfaceareobtainedbysolvinga2-DPoissonequation.Second,thetheoryofthedifferentialoperatorisemployedtoderivethe3-DPoissonequationfornon-hydrostaticpressures,whichissolvedtoobtainthenon-hydrostaticpressuresandtoupdatetheprovisionalvelocityfield.Whenthenon-orthogonalsigma-coordinatetransformationisintroduced,additionaltermscomeintobeing,resultingina15-diagonal,diagonallydominantbutunsymmetriclinearsysteminthe3-DPoissonequationfornon-hydrostaticpressures.TheBiconjugateGradientStabilized(BiCGstab)methodisusedtosolvetheresulting3-Dunsymmetriclinearsysteminsteadoftheconjugategradientmethod,whichcanonlybeusedforsymmetric,positive-definitelinearsystems.Threetestcasesareusedforvalidations.Thesuccessfulsimulationsofthesmall-amplitudewave,asupercriticalflowoverarampandaturbulentflowintheopenchannelindicatethatthenewmodelcansimulatewellnon-hydrostaticflows,supercriticalflowsandturbulentflows.