简介:'Tourism-AssistingthePoor'hasbeenanimportantapproachinanti-povertystrategy.Studiessuggestthattheconventionaltourismmodelfailstogeneratebenefitsforthepoorandtosomeextentenlargesthegapbetweenthepoorandtherich,whichsubsequentlycausesmoresocialproblems.Pro-poortourism(PPT)isregardedasanalternativemodel.Preciselytargetedassistancetothepooristhekeytoinitiatingthismodel,whiletheinstitutionalchangeandimplementationmechanismareessentialtorunitsuccessfullyandsustainably.Socialentrepreneurshipfocusingonsocialvalueswhileadoptingmodernbusinessphilosophyhasbeenintroducedrecentlyasaninstrumentinhelpingdisadvantagepopulation.ThispapertakestheSmanguscommunityinTaiwanasanexampletoexploretheroleofsocialentrepreneurshipandsocialenterprisesinPPTdevelopment.Italsodiscussestheirimplicationsfortheanti-povertypracticeinotherregionsincludingethnicareasinChina.
简介:随着抗生素抗性污染日益严重,快速评估环境中典型病原菌与条件性致病菌的抗生素抗性水平,对掌握区域环境抗生素抗性污染状况、揭示抗性污染传播规律至关重要。通过以最低抑菌浓度浸入抗生素改进MI、VJ培养基,并结合滤膜法,建立了针对近岸海洋环境中指示性病原微生物大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli,E.coli)与金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus,S.aureus)的抗生素抗性监测方法。水体和沉积物样品抗生素抗性水平评估实验结果显示,该方法具有较好重现性(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus抗生素抗性水平的相对标准偏差分别为11%、8%)与准确度(水体和沉积物中E.coli和S.aureus的平均回收率分别为83.5%、68.4%;相对于CLSI药敏试验的偏离度为±0.1)。且与CLSI药敏实验相比,该方法过程简便、耗时短(36h/84h),能最大限度节约经济和人员成本提高抗性评价效率。应用该方法评估辽河口与莱州湾环境中2种病原微生物磺胺类抗生素抗性水平,结果显示辽河口水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为27.0%、28.4%,沉积物中分别为35.5%、34.6%;莱州湾水体中E.coli和S.aureus磺胺二甲嘧啶的平均抗性率分别为26.0%、14.5%,沉积物中分别为12.0%、32.9%。该方法适用于河口、近岸海洋及入海排污口水体与沉积物样品中E.coli与S.aureus的快速分析及抗生素抗性水平评估。