简介：Thispaperisthesecondinatwo-partseriesthatdiscussestheprincipalaxesofM-DOFstructuressubjectedtostaticanddynamicloads.Theprimarypurposeofthisseriesistounderstandthemagnitudeofthedynamicresponseofstructurestoenablebetterdesignofstructuresandresponsemodificationdevices/systems.Underidealizeddesignconditions,thestructuralresponsesareobtainedbyusingsingledirectioninputgroundmotionsinthedirectionoftheintendedresponsemodificationdevices/systems,andbyassumingthattheresponsesofthestructureisdecoupleableinthreemutuallyperpendiculardirections.Thisstandardpracticehasbeenappliedtobothnewandretrofittedstructuresusingvariousseismicprotectivesystems.Verylimitedinformationisavailableontheeffectsofneglectingtheimpactofdirectionalcouplings(crosseffectsofwhichtorsionisacomponent)ofthedynamicresponseofstructures.Inordertoquantifysucheffects,itisnecessarytoexaminetheprincipalaxesofstructuresunderbothstaticanddynamicloading.Inthistwo-partseries,thefirstpaperisconcernedwithstaticloading,whichprovidesdefinitionsandfundamentalformulations,withtheconclusionthatcrosseffectsofastaticallyloadedM-DOFstructureresultingfromthelackofprincipalaxesareofinsignificantmagnitude.However,underdynamicorearthquakeloading,arelativelysmallamountofenergytransferredacrossperpendiculardirectionsisaccumulated,whichmayresultinsignificantenlargementofthestructuralresponse.ThispaperdealswithaformulationtodefinetheprincipalaxesofM-DOFstructuresunderdynamicloadinganddevelopsquantitativemeasurestoidentifycrosseffectsresultingfromthenon-existenceofprincipalaxes.

简介：工业化大楼系统(IBS)最近被介绍最小化工程建设的时间和费用。因此，在IBS结构保证预制部件的连接的集成是保证从地震，车辆，和机械受到动态负担的大楼的稳定性的一个重要因素。然而，结构的工程师仍然在合适的连接上缺乏知识，IBS的详细关节组织建设。因此，这研究建议为抵抗multidirectional的动态负担的一个特殊预制具体铺满地板的连接系统强加了负担和还原剂颤动效果(PI2014701723)。这个系统被设计由使用二钢连接二块邻近的预制的墙面板U字形的隧道(即，男、女的关节)。在扔期间，每个关节在考虑下列条件以后为加入被改编进一块各自的墙面板：钢隧道的一个方面通向面板的厚度脸；U字形的橡胶在二条隧道之间被实现驱散颤动效果；并且螺栓和坚果被用来创造在二条U字形的男、女的钢隧道之间的延期。预制的墙的发达有限元素模型受到周期的负担在强加的动态负担期间评估建议连接的表演。连接性能当时基于在塑料范围的能量驱散，压力，变丑，和具体损坏与常规连接相比。建议预制连接能够超过受到动态负担的预制的墙的能量吸收，从而在所有主要方向改进它的抵抗行为。

简介：Accurateestimatesofductilitydemandsonbuckling-restrainedbracedframes(BRBFs)arecrucialtoperformance-baseddesignofBRBFs.AnanalyticalstudyontheseismicbehaviorofBRBFshasbeenconductedattheATLSSCenter,LehighUniversitytoprepareforanupcomingexperimentalprogram.TheanalysisprogramDRAIN-2DXwasusedtomodelaone-bay,four-storyprototypeBRBFincludingmaterialandgeometricnonlinearities.Thebucklingrestrainedbrace(BRB)modelincorporatesbothisotropicandkinematichardening.NonlinearstaticpushoverandtimehistoryanalyseswereperformedontheprototypeBRBF.PerformanceobjectivesfortheBRBsweredefinedanduscdtoevaluatethctime-historyanalysisresults.ParticularemphasiswasplacedonglobalductilitydemandsandductilitydemandsoatheBRBs.Thesedemandswerecomparedwithanticipatedductilitycapacities.Theanalysisresults,alongwithresultsfromsimilarpreviousstudics,areusedtoevaluatetheBRBFdesignprovisionsthathavebeenrecommendedforcodificationintheUnitedStates.ThcresultsshowthatBRBmaximumductilitydemandscanbeashighas20to25.ThesedemandssignificantlyexceedthoseanticipatedbytheBRBFrecommendedprovisions.Resultsfromthestaticpushoverandtimehistoryanalysesareusedtodemonstratewhytheductilitydemandsexceedthoseanticipatedbytherecommendedprovisions.TheBRBqualificationtestingprotocolcontainedintheBRBFrecommendedprovisionsisshowntobeinadequatebecauseitrequiresonlyamaximumductilitydemandofatmost7.5.Modificationstothetestingprotocolarerecommended.

简介：Whenoneendofanair-dryigneousrockblockwasuniaxiallyloadedinlaboratory,thereappearedanelectromotiveforcethatmadeelectriccurrentsflowfromthestressedvolumetotheunstressedvolume.Quartz-freerockssuchasgabbroalsogeneratedthisforce,strongerthanquartz-bearingrockssuchasgranite.Thisindicatesthatthepiezoelectriceffectofquartzandtheelectrokineticeffectofporewaterdonotmakealargecontributiontowardgeneratingtheelectromotiveforce.Wefocusonperoxybondthatisoneoftheabundantlatticedefectsinigneousrock-formingminerals.Whenmechanicalloadingdeformsthelatticestructurearoundthisdefectandbreaksitsbond,itsenergylevelschangeandactlikeanaccepter.AsanelectronistrappedatthisdefectfromaneighborO2-site,apositiveholeisactivatedthere.Theyattempttodiffusetowardtheunstressedvolumethroughthevalencebandandaresimultaneouslyaffectedbytheattractiveelectricforcewiththeelectronstrappedinperoxybonds.Thisleadstoapolarizationinthestressedvolumeandthegenerationofelectromotiveforcebetweenthestressedandunstressedvolumes.SimilarelectromotiveforcemaybegeneratedintheEarth’scrustwhereinhomogeneousstress/strainischanging.

简介：从火车装载的交通引起的一个磁道的永久解决的预言和控制对高速度的铁路设计和维护关键。在这研究，在铁路建设使用的geomaterials的积聚的变丑的一个统一预言模型使遭到了到周期的装载被介绍并且校准了使用物理模型测试。基于这个万用的模型，在火车的车轮轴的运动引起的重复装载下面决定轨道结构解决的一条计算途径被建议。测试的物理模型上的回归分析被采用决定涉及计算途径的参数。模型测试数据和从背分析获得的参数在整个各种各样的测试是一致的计算结果表演的比较调节，并且建议计算途径能够令人满意地为各种各样的轴负担预言铁路路基和路基土壤的积聚的解决，装载骑车。一条高速度的铁路的案例研究被执行在现实主义的工程应用表明建议途径的可行性。从路基和路基土壤的解决发展的计算结果被介绍并且讨论。关键词周期的装载-总数-泥土-积聚的解决-旁边支持的高速度的铁路：不到资助号码50538010的中国的国家自然科学基础，10702063；在资助号码2008G005-D下面的铁路的中国部的技术提升工程

简介：基于前辈的研究，并且对比与水水平和一个好含水土层的系统的水温度反应特征装载的应力的模式，这份报纸在装载的应力的三个模式引起的一口井在水温度回答的机制上得出一个初步的结论，即煤气的逃跑，为装载的有弹性的震波应力加热分散和冷水穿入机制；为装载的震波应力的破裂渗出物机制和为长时期的压力消散的热机制减缓在地震准备阶段装载的应力。这份报纸为装载的应力的每个模式说明典型观察例子并且在他们的机制上做初步的研究。

简介：Thesingle-layerlatticedcylindricalshellisoneofthemostwidelyadoptedspace-framedstructures.Inthispaper,freevibrationpropertiesanddynamicresponsetohorizontalandverticalseismicwavesofsingle-layerlatticedcylindricalshellsareanalyzedbythefiniteclementmethodusingANSYSsoftware.Inthenumericalstudy,wherehundredsofcaseswereanalyzed,theparametersconsideredincludedrise-spanratio,length-spanratio,surfaceloadandmembersectionsize.Moreover,tobetterdefinetheactualbehaviorofsingle-layerlatticedshells,thestudyisfocusedonthedynamicstressresponsetobothaxialforcesandbendingmoments.Basedonthenumericalresults,theeffectsoftheparametersconsideredonthestressesarediscussedandamodifiedseismicforcecoefficientmethodissuggested.Inaddition,someadvicebasedontheserescarchresultsispresentedtohelpinthefuturedesignofsuchstructures.

简介：海滨和地下的墙bracing的建设经常使用使硬的深水泥混合的柱(SDCM)。当使遭到了到经由更生硬的核心的各种各样的类型的周期的侧面的装载时，这研究调查过去常改进忍受这些SDCM的能力的水平的方法。八堆积，二深水泥混合了堆积，六深使硬有核心的三种不同类型的水泥混合堆积，H形状十字节对了水泥，钢管子，和H横梁钢，不过被嵌入软泥土进在泰国的地点上的媒介难的泥土。周期的水平装载逐渐地被使用直到堆积失败和侧面的负担对侧面的变丑的磁滞现象环被记录。有一个H横梁钢核心的SDCM堆积的侧面的带能力增加了乘DCM堆积的的34。因为为SDCM堆积的一个更生硬的核心是最好的方法改进它的侧面的带能力，韧性和精力驱散能力，这领域研究清楚地用H横梁钢显示出那。

简介：Experimentalevaluationofreinforcedconcretebeamspecimenswithdifferentcharacteristicsofreinforcementsubjectedtopushoverandcyclicloadingispresented.Plastichingerotationparametersaredeterminedbasedontheidealizationofpushoverandhysteresiscurvesofreinforcedconcretebeamspecimensconstructedintwopercentageofreinforcement(0.471%and0.71%)withdifferentductilecharacteristics.Theexperimentaltestresultsprovideacleardemarcationoftheeffectoftypesofloadingandthetypesofreinforcementonthenonlinearperformancecharacteristicsofbeamspecimens.Theseresultsarehelpfultoupdatethenonlinearmodelingparametersofbeamcomponentsforthespecifictypeofreinforcementusedintheconstructionofastructure.Theupdatednon-linearmodelingparametersofbeamcomponentsinlumpedplasticitymodelarecomparedwiththevaluesofASCE/SEI41-06(2007)usedfortheperformancebaseddesignofstructures.