简介：白内障是目前世界上最主要的致盲原因，也是我国最重要的致盲原因，白内障摘除是治疗白内障的唯一有效方法。然而由于各种原因，我国白内障手术率（CSR）远低于发达国家甚至某些发展中国家。对基层医院的眼科医师和年轻医师进行恰当的白内障手术规范化培训是提高我国CSR的关键之一。

简介：一般认为,人的视觉发育关键期为从出生到3岁,但是,这些幼小的患儿不能很好地配合检查,并且交流困难,使得实际工作难以进行。解决这一问题的关键是建立一套适合不同年龄阶段的,不同检查视力的方法和处理措施。刚出生的婴儿视力只有光感,这时的视力我们需要用察觉视力来描述。最常见和最有用的测试是注视和跟踪光的能力。不同年龄阶段婴幼儿视力检查方法不同,最初阶段只能采用客观观察法。在婴儿期采用：

简介：目的：探索通过共焦激光眼底血管造影仪（HRA2）观测正常大鼠视网膜血管的形态和分布以及荧光标记的白细胞在眼底的运动情况的方法。方法：大鼠麻醉后散瞳并将其置于动物台上，荧光素钠血管造影观察大鼠视网膜血管的形态和分布，并照相和进行视频记录。另外，体外分离大鼠的外周血白细胞并用CFDA（6-carboxyfluoresceindiacetate）进行荧光标记，之后通过尾静脉将其回输进入同窝另一只大鼠的体内，观察白细胞在眼底血管的运动情况。结果：通过HRA2能够清楚而有效的观察到大鼠视网膜4级以上血管的形态和分布情况，并能够观察到白细胞在眼底血管中的各种运动状态。结论：建立了一种通过HRA2观测大鼠视网膜血管及白细胞运动的方法。

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatethecharacteristicsandcriterionofgraftrejectioninmicemodel.METHODS:C57BL/6orBALB/cmicecornealgraftsweregraftedontoBALB/chosts.Eachgroupwasdividedintotwosubgroupsaccordingtothecornealopacityscores12daftertransplantation.Thecharacteristicsofopacityandneovascularizationwereobserved.Miceofthe12th,50thdayaftertransplantation,thegraftsbiopsyofmiceinallogeneicgroup1,whichopacityscoreexceed3,werepreparedforhistologicalobservationandthoserestoretransparentwereendothelialstained.RESULTS:Therewasnodifferenceofcornealopacityscoreonthe7thand12thdayafteroperation;thehistologicalresultshadnodisparitybetweensyngeneicgroupandallogeneicgroup.Onthe12thdayaftersurgery,theturbiditycurvewasapparentingraftswithopacityscore<2.Mononuclearcellswereshowningraftswithopacityscorereached3inallogeneicgroup1.Differentrejectionperformancewasobservedintissuesectionsonthe50thdayaftersurgery.CONCLUSION:Grafts,opacityscoreexceeds3fromthe7thtothe12thdayafteroperationcouldnotbejudgedasarejection.Weshouldpaymoreattentiontothevariationofgraftsopacitysince12daftercornealtransplantation.

简介：目的：运用Sheard准则对集合不足的屈光不正患者的双眼视失平衡症状进行评估和诊治。方法：对2009-06以来18例集合不足的患者进行眼屈光检查，同时检测远近分离性隐斜，远近辐辏，正相对调节，调节状态，负相对调节，辐辏近点，调节幅度等眼动参数。计算AC／A参数，检测其对Sheard准则符合性，并利用该准则计算所需的棱镜处方。结果：近距棱镜不符合Sheard准则有14例（78％），其所需的基底朝内棱镜度数为（3．47±2．83）△。结论：临床上运用Sheard准则可有效地评估和诊治近距离用眼不适的集合不足患者。

简介：在欧美国家中，由于新药的不断问世和临床科研水平的提高，药物治疗已被视为针对早中期开角型青光眼的首选措施。在设计与制定新药时，不但应考虑更有效的降压效果，同时应考虑如何有效地保护视神经节细胞和增强眼内及视盘循环血流量。

简介：双眼复视患者临床评估是疾病诊断的基础。结合病史、症状与重要体征可以帮助我们定位和定性诊断。在神经眼科诊室中利用简单的马氏杆检查（Maddoxrodtest）可以初步判别眼位的偏斜及进行定量分析,用于疾病诊断及病情随访。下面我们将马氏杆的使用及判断要点介绍如下。

简介：间歇性外斜视（intermittentexotropia,IXT,X（T））是介于隐性斜视与显性斜视之间的一种过渡型斜视。在各类共同性外斜视中占第一位。间歇性外斜视发病原因主要是集合和分开功能之间平衡失调,集合功能不足以及融合功能低下引起。平均发病年龄岁,女性多发。斜视角随注视距离、注意4力强弱、视力疲劳状态在正位与外斜视间变动。

简介：AIM:Anaerobicbacteriacancauseocularinfections.WetestedtheOxyPlateTMAnaerobicSystem(OXY)toisolatepertinentanaerobicbacteriathatcancauseoculardisease.METHODS:OXY,whichdoesnotrequiredirectanaerobicconditions(i.e.bags,jars),wascomparedtoconventionalisolationofincubatingculturemediainanaerobicbags.Standardcoloniescountswereperformedonanaerobicocularbacterialisolatesunderaerobicandanaerobicconditions(anaerobicbags)usingagarmedia:1)OXY(aerobiconly),2)5%sheepblood(SB),3)Chocolate,and4)Schaedler.Thebacteriatestedwerede-identifiedocularisolatesculturedfromendophthalmitisanddacryocystitisthatinclude10Propionibacteriumacnesand3Actinomycesspecies.Thecolonycountsforeachbacteriaisolate,oneachculturingcondition,wererankedfromlargesttosmallest,andnon-parametricallycomparedtodeterminethebestculturingcondition.RESULTS:Allanaerobicconditionswerepositiveforalloftheanaerobicisolates.SBandSchaedler’sagarunderaerobicconditionsdidnotsupportthegrowthofanaerobicbacteria.SparsegrowthwasnotedonchocolateagarwithPropionibacteriumacnes.Asananaerobicsystem,SBinananaerobicbagisolatedhighercolonycountsthanOXY(P=0.0028)andchocolateagar(P=0.0028).CONCLUSION:AlthoughOXYdidnottesttobemoreefficientthanotheranaerobicsystems,itappearstobeareasonablealternativeforisolatinganaerobicbacteriafromocularsites.Theuseofanagarmediuminaspeciallydesignedplate,withouttherequirementofananaerobicbag,renderedOXYasanadvantageoverotheranaerobicsystems.

简介：目的：评价图形视觉诱发电位（patternvisualevokedpotentials,P-VEP）、眼底照相、视野和光学相干断层扫描（opticalcoherencetomography,OCT）对青光眼患者检查的可靠性。方法：对83例95眼青光眼患者应用眼科电生理仪、眼底照相、视野和OCT,根据P-VEP、眼底照相、OCT、视野检查结果的阳性率进行相关性分析。结果：患者83例95眼中,视野检查成功获取阳性病例图像73眼（76.8%）,无法获取图像22眼（23.2%）;眼底照像成功获取阳性病例图像75眼（78.9%）,无法获取图像20眼（21.1%）;获得P-VEP阳性病例47眼（49.5%）,未见明显异常26眼（27.3%）,无法采集图像22眼（23.2%）;成功获取OCT阳性病例图像81眼（85.3%）,无法获取OCT图像14眼（14.7%）。结论：视觉诱发电位、眼底照相、视野和光学相干断层图像结果对青光眼患者的视功能状况进行综合评估。

简介：Thekeratoprosthesis(KPro;artificialcornea)isaspecialrefractivedevicetoreplacehumancorneabyusingheterogeneousformingmaterialsfortheimplantationintothedamagedeyesinordertoobtainacertainvision.Themainproblemsofartificialcorneaarethebiocompatibilityandstabilityofthetissueparticularlyinpenetratingkeratoplasty.Thecurrentstudiesoftissue-engineeredscaffoldmaterialsthroughcomprisingcompositesofnaturalandsyntheticbiopolymerstogetherhavedevelopedanewwaytoartificialcornea.Althoughawideagreementthatthelong-termstabilityofthesedeviceswouldbegreatlyimprovedbythepresenceofcorneacells,modificationofkeratoprosthesistosupportcorneacellsremainselusive.Mostofthestudiesoncornealsubstratematerialsandsurfacemodificationofcompositeshavetriedtoimprovethegrowthandbiocompatibilityofcorneacellswhichcannotonlyreducethestimulusofheterogeneousmaterials,butalsomoreimportantlycontinuousandstablecorneacellscanpreventthedestructionofcollagenase.Thenecrosisofstromaandspontaneousextrusionofthedevice,allowformaintenanceofaprecornealtearlayer,andplaytheroleofensuringagoodopticalsurfaceandresistingbacterialinfection.Asaresult,improvementincornealcellshasbeenthemainaimofseveralrecentinvestigations;someefforthasfocusedonbiomaterialforitswellbiologicalpropertiessuchaspromotingthegrowthofcorneacells.Thepurposeofthisreviewistosummarythegrowthstatusofthecornealcellsaftertheimplantationofseveralartificialcorneas.

简介：目的：研究及观察视神经萎缩患者球后动脉血流动力学及球结膜微循环指标的变化情况。方法：选取2013-04/2014-10于本院进行诊治的70例视神经萎缩患者为观察组,同时期的70名健康同龄人员为对照组,然后将两组的球后动脉血流动力学及球结膜微循环指标进行比较,并比较观察组中不同分类及严重程度患者的上述检测指标。结果：观察组的球后动脉血流动力学及球结膜微循环指标均差于对照组,且观察组中重度患者的检测结果差于轻度及中度患者,中度患者的检测结果则差于轻度患者,均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而不同分类患者之间的检测结果则无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论：视神经萎缩患者球后动脉血流动力学及球结膜微循环指标的变化较大,且本病患者的检测结果受疾病严重程度的影响较大。

简介：视野使用红色视标的视野检查可以发现显著的视野异常.简单的测试如正切暗点计屏也很有效.精确评估视野缺损需要视野计：人工（Goldmann）或者自动（Humphery）视野计可以给出详细的视野参数.但是结果受操作者的主观操作影响.

简介：青光眼青光眼是一组进行性的视神经病变，伴有视乳头特征性的结构改变和相应视野缺损的疾病。青光眼视神经病变的主要危险因素是眼压的升高。

简介：目的通过快速评估可避免盲系统评估四川省冕宁县50岁以上人群视力障碍的患病率和致残原因。方法在2011年6月至8月使用RAAB系统对四川省冕宁县50岁以上居民采用分层、整群随机抽样方法抽取2850人,根据人口比例,分为57个人群组,每个人群组人数为50人,每个人群组采用紧凑段抽样（compactsegmentsampling,CSS）,当紧凑段抽样不可行时,采用配额抽样。使用简易视力卡检测视力,用便携式裂隙灯和直接检眼镜检查晶状体及眼底情况以明确导致视力残疾的原因。结果在冕宁县抽样调查的2850人中,2817人接受了检查（98.8%）,参照1973年世界卫生组织（WorldHealthOrganization,WHO）视力损伤标准,共有视力残疾者537人,患病率为19.1%,其中盲111人,盲的患病率为3.9%（95%可信区间：3.2%-4.7%）,严重视力损伤69人,其患病率2.4%（95%可信区间：1.8%-3.1%）;视力损伤357人,其患病率12.7%（95%可信区间：10.5%-14.9%）,其中可避免盲占87.4%。结论1.冕宁县50岁及以上人群盲的患病率为3.9%,严重视力损伤的患病率2.4%;视力损伤的患病率12.7%,其中可避免盲占87.4%。未经治疗的白内障仍然是该县最主要的致残原因。2.RAAB系统作为一种在人群中快速筛查可避免盲的调查方法,准确性好,简单实用、高效,重复性强。

简介：目的：利用频域三维相干光学断层扫描（threedimensionalfrequencydomaincoherentopticaltomography,3D-OCT）评估准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术（laserinsitukeratomileusis,LASIK）对视网膜神经纤维层厚度（retinalnervefibrelayerthickness,RNFLT）的影响。方法：对83例83右眼接受LASIK治疗的受试者分别于术前及术后1d;1wk;1,3mo行3D-OCT检查,测量视乳头上方、下方、鼻侧、颞侧及12个钟点位RNFLT,利用重复测量方差分析及配对t检验对术前及术后的数据统计学处理。结果：术前及术后各时间点行重复测量方差分析显示,视乳头下方、颞侧、5：00～11：00位RNFLT均值无显著差异（P〉0.05）,而视乳头上方、鼻侧、1：00～4：00位、12：00位RNFLT有显著差异（P〈0.05）;进一步对术前及术后各时间点视乳头上方、鼻侧、1：00～4：00位、12：00位RNFLT分别行配对t检验得出,术后1d时视乳头上方、鼻侧及1：00～4：00位、12：00位RNFLT较术前变薄,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后1wk;1,3mo时以上各方位RNFLT较术前比较均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。同时表明RNFLT变薄与屈光度及激光时间成正相关。结论：LASIK术后早期上方及鼻侧RNFLT变薄,但术后1wk恢复至正常水平,LASIK手术对RNFLT无长远影响。

简介：AIM:Toexploretheeffectofsaturatedhydrogensalineonbluelight-inducedretinaldamageinrats.·METHODS:Theretinaldamageofratswasinducedbybluelightexposurefor6hoursandexamined8hours,16hoursand24hoursaftertheexposure.OnehundredfemaleSprague-Dawleyratswererandomlydividedintofourgroups.Group1included30ratsreceivedlightexposurewithoutanyothertreatment.Group2included30ratsreceivedlightexposurewithintraperitonealinjectionofnormalsaline.Group3included30ratsreceivedlightexposurewithintraperitonealinjectionofsaturatedhydrogensaline.AndGroup4includedtheother10ratswhichdidnotreceiveanytreatment.Theamountofintraperitonealinjectionofsaturatedhydrogensalineandnormalsalinewascalculatedintheratioof1ml/100gofratweight.SpecimenswerecollectedandprocessedbyH-Estaining,ultrastructureobservation,biochemicalmeasurement.Morphologicalchangeswereobservedbylightmicroscopeandtransmissionelectronmicroscope(TEM)andtheretinalouternuclearlayer(ONL)thicknesswasmeasuredbyIPP6.0,whilethemalondialdehyde(MDA)wasmeasuredbycolorimetricdeterminationat532nm.·RESULTS:AlthoughthestructureofretinainGroup1andGroup2wasinjuredheavily,theinjuryinGroup3wasmild.ThedifferencesbetweenGroup1andGroup2werenotsignificant.ComparedwiththeratsinGroup1andGroup2,theonesinGroup3hadmoreclearlydemarcatedretinastructureandmoreorderedcellsbylightmicroscopeandTEMobservation.TheONLthicknesses(400times)offourgroupsateachtimepointexceptbetweenGroup1andGroup2weresignificantlydifferent(P<0.05).ThethicknessesoftheONLinGroup1atthreetimepointswere30.41±4.04μm,26.11±2.82μmand20.63±1.06μm,inGroup2were31.62±4.54μm,25.08±3.63μmand19.07±3.86μm,inGroup3were29.75±3.62μm,28.83±1.97μmand27.61±1.83μm.InGroup4themeanofthethicknesswas37.35±1.37μm.Astimewentby,thedamageg

简介：AIM:TodiscusstheimpactofLyciumBarbarumPolysaccharide(LBP)andDanshensupurifiedfromTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)onvascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)ofrabbitswithretinalneovascularization.METHODS:Fortyrabbitsweredividedintonormalcontrolgroup,modelcontrolgroup,LBPgroupandDanshensugroup.Animalsinthenormalcontrolgroupwerefedinthenormaloxygenenvironment.Animalsintheotherthreegroupswereputintotheenvironmentwith70%oxygenfor5daysinordertobuildthemodelofoxygen-inducedvascularproliferationretinopathy.AndthendifferentTCMextractwasinjectedintotheabdominalcavitiesoftheseannimals.After7days,theVEGFcontentofintheserumofrabbitwasmeasuredbydoubleantibodysandwichmethod.RESULTS:DataanalysisindicatedthatVEGFcontentwasasfollows:Danshensugroupwaslowerthanmodelcontrolgroup(12.92±3.84ng/Lvs19.32±4.15ng/L,P<0.05);LBPgroupandnormalcontrolgroupwerelowerthanmodelcontrolgroup(12.92±3.84ng/L,9.26±1.61ng/Lvs19.32±4.15ng/L,P<0.01);totalbloodviscosity,plasmaviscosity,cholesterolcontent,fibrinogencontentandtriacylglycerolcontentafterperitonealinjectionofLBPandDanshensuwereobviouslylowerthanbeforeinjection.CONCLUSION:TCMextract-LBPandDanshensucanprominentlyreducethecontentofVEGFintheprocessofvascularproliferativeretinopathyofrabbit;canpreventtheoccurrenceofretinalmicrovasculardiseasebyimprovingpartialoxygen-deficientenvironmentoraffectingallkindsofnewgrowthfactor.

简介：AIM:TopresenttheresultsofimplantationofIakymenkokeratoprosthesisinfivepatientswithvascularizedcornealleukomacausedbysevereocularinjury.·METHODS:Iakymenkokeratoprosthesiswasimplantedinto5eyesof5patients:4patientsweresufferedfromchemicalburnsand1patientfromexplosiveinjury.Thepreoperativevisualacuityrangedfromlightperceptiontohandmotion.Theimplantationsurgerywascomposedoftwo-stageprocedures.Thefollow-upperiodwasfrom9monthsto11years.Theoutcomemeasureswerevisualacuity,retention,andcomplicationsofthekeratoprosthesis.·RESULTS:Visionimprovementswereachievedinmostpatients.Allkeratoprosthesiswereretainedwithinthefollow-upperiod.Cornealmeltingoccurredinonepatientandfibrousclosureinanotherpatient,bothofwhichweresuccessfullytreated.Retinaldetachmentoccurredinonepatientaftersurgery.·CONCLUSION:Iakymenkokeratoprosthesisseemstobeapromisingalternativeforthepatientswithseverecornealinjury,butfurtherinvestigationisneededtoevaluatetheroleofIakymenkokeratoprosthesis.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatethefrequencyofidiopathicphacodonesis(IP)insenilecataractsubjectsandtheshort-termclinicaloutcomesfollowingcataractsurgery.METHODS:Thisinstitutionalcase-controlstudyincluded1301consecutivelow-incomecataractsubjectsfromJunetoNovember2009.Anteriorsegmentwerecarefullyevaluatedwithdilatedpupilunderslit-lamp.IPwerescreenedandgradedbyacriteriasetbytheauthors.Riskfactors,surgicaloutcomes,andoperativecomplicationswereanalyzed.RESULTS:Atotalof42subjects(3.2%)withIPwerediagnosedandclassifiedasgrade1(36subjects),grade2(5subjects)andgrade3(1subject).HarderlensesandintumescentcataractswereobservedintheIPgroupthanthecontrolgroup(P<0.05).Logisticsregressiontestalsoindicatedthemainriskfactorwasthehardnessofthelens.Theincidenceofzonulardialysisduringsurgerywas23.8%(10eyes),whichwassignificantlyhigherthanthecontrols(0.7%,P<0.001).Visualoutcomesofthetwogroupswerenotstatisticallyorclinicallysignificant.CONCLUSION:HardnucleusandintumescentcataractarerelatedtoIPinsenilecataractsubjectsinQinghai,China.Withmorecarebeingtaken,grade1andsomeofthegrade2IPsubjectsachievedsimilarsurgicaloutcomesascomparedtocontrols.