简介：Magneticforcetransmissionofareciprocatingmotionisstudiedbytheoreticalanalysisandexperiment.Amathematicalmodelforcalculatingthemagneticforceisderivedusingthetheoryofequivalentmagneticcharges.Anexperimentalrigisconstructedtotestthetransmissionandthemodelisverifiedbyexperiment.Effectofthetransmissionparametersonthemagneticforceisanalyzedtheoreticallyfromthemodel,andcharacteristicofthetransmissionisstudiedexperimentally.Sincethetransmissioniswithoutdirectcontactbetweentwoelements,itissuitableforapplicationinanorganism.

简介：Unpredictableairmovementshaveprovedtobeaprobleminpreviousstudiesinvestigatingrobotcommunicationbymeansofairbornepheromonechemicals.Theprojectdescribedinthispaperinvestigatestheuseofairvortexringsasameansofcarryingpheromonechemicalsbetweentransmittingandreceivingrobots.Sensitivitytochemicalsincludingpheromonesreleasedbyconspecificsisessentialformanyaspectsofaninsect’slife.Theyassistinfindingfood,locatingamate,avoidingdangerandhelpcoordinatetheactivitiesofsocialinsects.Inthefuture,autonomousrobotswillbechallengedbymanysituationssimilartothosethatfaceinsectsandothersimplecreatures.Chemicalcommunicationmayproveusefulfortheserobotsaswell.Thispaperdescribestheequipmentdevelopedforgeneratinganddetectingvortexrings.Resultsofexperimentsinvolvinglocationandtrackingofasequenceofpheromonevortexringsarealsopresented.

简介：SometribologicalbehaviorbetweenmatureGampsocleisgratiosafootpadsandverticalflatsofdifferentmaterialswerestudiedinthiswork.stereomieroscope(SMS)andscanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)wereusedtomeasurethemorphologyoftheGampsocleisgratiosafootpads.Anatomicforcemicroscope(AFM)wasusedtomeasurethemorphologiesofthesurfacesofglassandawalldopedwithcalciumcarbonatematerial.TheattachingbehaviorofGampsocleisgratiosafeetonthetwoverticalsurfaceswasobserved.Theattachingforce(perpendiculartotheverticalsurface)andthestaticfrictionalforce(alongthedirectionofgravitation)ofGampsocleisgratiosafootpadsonaverticalglassweremeasured.Itwasshownthattheaverageattachingforceis50.59mNandthestaticfrictionalforceis259.10mN.ThephysicalmodelsoftheattachinginterfacebetweenGampsocleisgratiosafootpadsandthetwoverticalsurfaceswereproposed.Itwasobservedthatthefootpadsaresmoothinmacroscale;however,thepadsurfaceiscomposedbyapproximatehexagonalunitswithsizesof3μmto7μminmicroscale;theadjacentunitsareseparatedbynanoscalegrooves.TheObservationsshowedthattheGampsocleisgratiosacannotclimbtheverticalcalciumcarbonatewall;incontrast,theycaneasilyclimbtheverticalglasssurface.Basedonthefeaturesofthegeometricalmorphologiesofthefootpadsandtheglasssurface,wespeculatethattheattachingforceandstrongstaticfrictionalforceareattributedtotheinterinlaysbetweenthedeformableGampsocleisgratiosafootpadsandthenanoscalesharptipsoftheglasssurface.

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简介：适度的森林的华盖的Parasitoid黄蜂社区大部分仍然是未经勘探的。几乎不对在华盖和understory之间的parasitoids的社区作文被知道并且这，差别与森林结构或parasitoid有关是多少生物策略。在这研究，我们在一块低地在在华盖和understory之间的寄生黄蜂Ichneumonidae的社区作文在差别之上调查了在北意大利的适度的森林。我们使用了一般线性模型测试寄生策略是否修改垂直层化和森林的效果组织的种类。我们也在单个森林层以内在在华盖和understory陷井之间并且随着时间的过去的β-diversity测试了差别。我们发现那个看台基础，建议成熟的树的存在能影响本地黄蜂差异，提供microhabitats和主人的一个更高的数字区域是断然与种类丰富有关。华盖的ichneumonid社区与understory的不同，并且β-diversity分析为华盖显示出更高的价值，由于在陷井之间的种类周转的更高的度。在我们的分析，垂直层化在一些分享不同寄生策略的ichneumonids之间是不同的。当蜘蛛的parasitoids在二层之间是同等地分布式的时，微弱地或深深地隐藏的主人的Idiobiontparasitoids比在华盖在understory是更多样的。尽管ichneumonid社区不在适度的森林的华盖是特别地充满种类的，到那个产地的采样的延期显著地增加了记录的种类的数字。

简介：镰刀霉poae传播和真菌的社区作文上的Tyrophagusputrescentiae的效果在nonsterile大麦谷物被学习。实验包括了后面的处理：没有螨，控制大麦；没有preincubation，在F上包含10或50螨的大麦。poae(Tp10和Tp50)；在F上在preincubation以后包含10或50螨的大麦。poae(FTp10和FTp50)。螨的数字，F的成功的转移。在真菌的社区的poae，和变化在实验的21d以后被检验。deoxynivalenol的增加(穿上)在大麦的内容被选择为成功的F的一个标准。poae转移。T的preincubation。F上的putrescentiae。poae增加了分别地为FTp10和FTp50近似穿上水平到谷物的800和300g/kg。T。在FTp10的putrescentiae人口生长比在Tp10低，当没有差别在FTp50和Tp50之间被发现时。真菌的社区被扩大比较，它的碎片，和运作的分类单位(OTU)克隆并且定序分析。OTU分析没支持F的转移。经由螨的poae。从分析克隆，仅仅，13克隆与F聚类的序列。在在距离水平0.07点定义的OTU的poae。相关克隆从FTp10，Tp10，Tp50和控制处理，然而并非从FTp50发源。然而，F的存在。在FTp50的poae被PCR扩大与特定的教材证实。观察可以被螨人口密度的不同效果解释，也就是说在高密度，(FTp50处理)真菌被过度放牧，当更低的人口密度(FTp10)支持了F时。poae转移。

简介：Wereportacompletegenomicsequenceofrareisolates(minorgenotype)oftheSARS-CoVfromSARSpatientsinGuangdong,China,wherethefirstfewcasesemerged.Themoststrikingdiscoveryfromtheisolateisanextra29-nucleotidesequencelocatedatthenucleotidepositionsbetween27,863and27,864(referredtothecompletesequenceofBJ01)withinanoverlappedregioncomposedofBGI-PUP5(BGI-postulateduncharacterizedprotein5)andBGI-PUP6upstreamoftheN(nucleocapsid)protein.Thediscoveryofthisminorgenotype,GD-Ins29,suggestsasignificantgeneticeventanddifferentiatesitfromthepreviouslyre-portedgenotype,thedominantformamongallsequencedSARS-CoVisolates.A17-ntsegmentofthisextrasequenceisidenticaltoasegmentofthesamesizeintwohumanmRNAsequencesthatmayinterferewithviralgenomereplicationandtranscriptioninthecytosoloftheinfectedcells.Itprovidesanewavenuefortheexplorationofthevirus-hostinteractioninviralevolution,hostpathogenesis,andvaccinedevelopment.