简介：跟随基因组学革命，我们对应力位于防卫下面的分子的机制的知识极大地被扩展了。在强壮的选择压力下面，许多动物可以发展提高的应力忍耐。这能被改变蛋白质的结构完成(通过在基因的编码区域的变化)或由改变蛋白质的数量(通过在transcriptional的变化规定)。进化的后者类型能被替换在兴趣(cis规章的变化)或由改变transcriptional管理者蛋白质(trans规章的变化)的结构或数量的基因的倡导者完成。metallothionein系统是在重金属的上下文的最好学习的压力反应系统之一。Metallothionein表示被假定被金属抄写因素1调整(MTF-1)；然而，直到现在，MTF-1的参与仅仅为一些脊椎动物和果蝇被证明了。象线虫和蚯蚓那样的无脊椎动物上的数据建议metallothionein正式就职的另外的机制可能是在场的。Cd忍耐的详细研究为土壤生活跳虫的种被做，Orchesellacincta。种类是完了的这的metallothionein基因在暴露金属的领域人口表示了。metallothionein倡导者的分析表明了有功能的意义，出现在简历记者试金的广泛的多型性。在比较20张不同人口的研究，高快车的倡导者等位基因的频率断然在土壤与金属的集中被相关，特别Cd。跳虫学习证明涉及细胞的应力反应的基因的那个cis规章的变化可以贡献金属公差的进化。

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaraldehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinos-mium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasily-preparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorganellets.Asasinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quickandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.

简介：FastPlant(Brassicarapa,Cruciferae)leaftissuefixedinglutaradehyde-acroleinandpost-fixedinosmium,wasexaminedforresponsetoseveraleasilypreparedheavymetalstains.Leadanduranium,separatelyandincombination,gavetypicalresultsacrossthespectrumofcellorgeanelles.Asssinglestainfollowingosmium,bismuthproducedimagesseeminglyequivalenttoleadanduranium.Phosphotungsticacidproducedverygoodmembranedelineationbutproducedawashed-outbackgroundimagesimilartothatfromleadstaining.Carbohydratecompoundswereespeciallyresponsivetoruthenium;thecytoplasmandthematrixofallorganelleswerealsostainedverywell.Theprocedureswerenomoredemandingthantraditionalstainingmethodsandmaybeeasilyusedinresearchandteaching.FastPlantmaterialsareareliable,quicknandeasysourceoflivingmaterial.