简介：ObjectiveToinvestigatethesuitabilityofminiaturepigsasananimalmodelforotologicalresearch.MethodsMicrodissectionofthetemporalbonewasperformedon10miniaturepigsandrecordedonphoto-graphs.ResultsThemorphologyandmeasurementoftheexternal,middleandinnerearandthelateralre-cessoftheminiaturepigswereobtainedbymicrodissection.ConclusionComparedtotraditionalanimalmodels,theminiaturepigmaybeabettermodelforbiomedicalresearchbecauseofitsmanysimilaritiesinphysiologicalfunctionswithhumans.Similaritiesofthetemporalbonestructures,includingtheexternal,middleandinnerearandthelateralrecess,betweentheminiaturepigandhumanmaketheanimalapoten-tiallyusefulmodelforotologicalresearch.

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简介：Apoptosis,orcontrolledcelldeath,isanormalpartofcellularlifespan.Celldeathofcochlearhaircellscausesdeafness;anapoptoticprocessthatisnotwellunderstood.Worldwide,1.3billionhumanssuffersomeformofhearingloss,while360millionsufferdebilitatinghearinglossasadirectresultoftheabsenceofthesecochlearhaircells(WorldwideHearing,2014).Muchisknownaboutapoptosisinothersystemsandinothercelltypesthankstostudiesdonesincethemid-20thcentury.Herewereviewcurrentliteratureonapoptosisingeneral,andcausesofdeafnessandcochlearhaircellslossasaresultofapoptosis.ThefamilyofB-celllymphoma(Bcl)proteinsareamongthemoststudiedandcharacterized.WewillreviewcurrentliteratureontheBcl2andBcl6proteininteractionsinrelationtoapoptosisandtheirpossiblerolesinvulnerabilityandsurvivalofcochlearhaircells.

简介：这是一名同学阅读时遇到的一个习语。他不太明白这个习语的含义，那么让我们一起分享一下这个地道美国习语吧!

简介：Objective:Todescribeseveralapproachesofearsurgeriesforexperimentalstudiesinrats.Methods:Anesthetizedratswerepreparedfordemonstrationofvariousearsurgeryapproachesdesignedtooptimizeexperimentaloutcomesinstudieswithspecificgoalsandexposurerequirements.Thesurgicalapproachesincludedtheposteriortympanum,superiortympanum,inferiortympanumandoccipitalapproaches.Results:Themiddleearcavityandinnerearweresuccessfullyexposedfromdifferentanglesviathementionedsurgicalapproaches.Forexample,electrodeplacementforrecordingofcochlearbioelectricresponseswaseasilyachievedthroughtheposteriortympanumorinferiortympanumapproach.Alternatively,drugdeliveryorgenetransfectionviaroundwindowmembranewasmosteasilyaccomplishedusingtheposteriortympanumapproach.Cochlearperfusionofprotectiveorototoxicdrugswasbestperformedusingtheinferiortympanumapproach.Ossicularchaininterruptiontoinduceaprolongedconductivehearinglosswasreadilyachievedusingasuperiortympanumapproach.Lastly,surgicaldestructionoftheendolymphaticsactoinduceexperimentalendolymphatichydropswasreadilyperformedviaanoccipitalsurgicalapproach.Conclusion:Thesestandardizedsurgicalapproachescanbeappliedinscientificstudiesoftheearwithdifferentpurposescoveringelectrophysiology,conductivehearingloss,intra-cochleardrugperfusionandexperimentalstudiesrelevanttoMeniere’sdisease.

简介：Technologicaladvancementsarecontinuouslychangingtheparadigmofhumanexistence.Humanbeingsareconstantlyengaginginvariousmeasurestoreducetheextentofsensoryandmotorimpairment.Thishasbeenintheformofvariousdevices,e.g.orthopedicprosthesis,visualaids(spectacles)andhearingaids.Countlessattemptsthroughoutthecenturieshavebeenmadeinanefforttoimprovesoundamplificationinpatients.Thisarticleseekstohighlightsthetechnologicaljourneyofonesuchimplant,themiddleearimplant,fromitsinceptiontothemoretechnologicaladvancedfuturisticproposals.Whiletherearemanyamplificationdevicesavailablepresently,therestillremainsagroupofpatientswhohavenotexperiencedadequateamplificationfortheirhearinglossandthissubsetmaygainthegreatestbenefitfrommiddleearimplants.

简介：ossicular链的损害是损害听觉的感觉的普通耳朵疾病。人的耳朵的一个全面数字模型能提供健全传播的更好的理解。在这研究，我们建议合并运河，鼓膜的膜，ossicular骨头，中耳悬带系带/肌肉，中耳洞和内耳液体的人的耳朵的一个三维的有限元素模型。数字分析被进行并且采用了预言中耳洞，锤骨柄缺点，砧骨的长过程的发育不全，和镫骨的脚的效果在健全传播上背叛。现在的有限元素模型被显示在预言人的耳朵的ossicular力学讲理。

简介：贵刊“与鼻子有关的１５条习语”（《大学英语》，１０９４年第３期）和“由ｆａｃｅ组成的十七条习语”（《大学英语》，１９９７年第１２期）两篇文章趣味盎然，对学生记忆习语有一定的帮助。现笔者将平时记录积累的有关ｅａｒ的三十六条习语整理出来，以飨读者。１ａｗｏｒｄｉｎｙｏｕｒｅａｒ说句私下话；私下说点事ｗｈｅｎｙｏｕｈａｖｅｔｉｎｅ，ｗｏｕｌｄｙｏｕｃｏｍｅｔｏｍｙｏｆｆｉｃｅ？Ｉ’ｄｌｉｋｅｔｏｈａｖｅａｗｏｒｄｈｙｏｕｒｅａｒ．有空请到我办公室来一下，我想跟你私下说点事。２．ｂｅａｌｌｅａｒｓ全神贯注地听着，专心倾听ＴｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｗｅｒｅａｌｌｅａｒｓｗｈｅｎＧｒａｎｎｙｔｏｌｄｔｈｅｍａｓｔｏｒｙ．奶奶讲故事时，孩子们全神贯注地听着。３．ｂｅｄｒｙｂｅｈｉｎｄｔｈｅｅａｒｓ富有经验，独当一面Ｉｔ’ｓｔｒｕｅｔｈａｔＣｈｅｔｍａｋｅｓａｏｔｏｆｍｉｓｔａｋｅｓ，ｂｕｔｄｏｎ’ｔｂｅｔｏｏｈａｒｄｏｎｈｉｍ．Ｈｅ’ｓｊｕｓｔｎｏｔｄｒｙｂｅｈｉｎｄｔｈｅｅａｒｓｙｅｔ．的确，切特...

简介：ObjectivesToinvestigatepre-andpost-totalmiddleearreconstructionbacteriologicalchangesinordertofacilitatepreventionandtreatmentofsurgicalinfections.MethodsSpecimensfrom128earsin124patientswithproblematicmastoidcavitieswhounderwentrevisiontotalmiddleearreconstructionwerestudied.ResultsBacteriologicaltestswerepositivein87(68.0%)pre-operativespecimens,despitelocaltreatment,andin74(57.8%)specimenscollected10daysafteroperation.Commonorganismstrainsinpre-andpost-operativespecimenswereslightlydifferentandincluded:coagulase-staphylococcus,GRAM+rods,staphylococcusaureus,pseudomonasaeruginosaandfungi.Atthetimeofpatientdischarge(15-20dayspost-operative),only3ears(2.3%)weretestedpositivewhichrespondedwelltoandbecamedryafterlocaltreatment.Atoneyear,4ears(3.1%)showedrecurrentotorrheawhichagainrespondedtolocaltreatment.ConclusionForinfectionofproblematicmastoidcavitiesafteranopencavityprocedure,revisiontotalmiddleearreconstructioniseffectiveincontrollinginfectionandpromotingadryear.Infectionpreventionandtreatmentisimportantconsideringtherelativelyhighratesofperi-operativelocalinfections.

简介：Haircellsinthemammalianinnerearareveryfragileandareofteninjuredasaresultofacoustictraumaorexposuretoototoxicdrugs(cisplatin,aminoglycosides,etc)[1].Inamphibiansandbirds,spontaneous

简介：AbstractMany factors can cause inner ear injury, such as noise exposure, chemicals, viral infection, and radiation. The main pathological manifestations of inner ear injury are local hypoxia-ischemia, micro-trauma, and an increased level of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators. The contribution of the inflammatory response to the mediation of cochlear and vestibular pathologies has received increasing attention in recent years. Aseptic inflammation can devastate audition and balance, which can lead to many typical clinical inner ear diseases. In this review, we will discuss the most pertinent and recent research on inflammatory mechanisms in inner ear injury. We will also discuss the pathophysiology of some common and significant ear diseases, such as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, age-related hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, and Meniere’s disease.

简介：Congenitalcholesteatoma(CC)isararelyseenbenigntumorofthetemporalbone.Therearefivegeneralsitesofextraduraloccurrence:themiddleear,externalauditorymeatus,mastoid,squamousportionandthepetrousapexofthetemporalbone.CCgrowsslowlyandpresentsnosymptomsattheearlystage.Delayedandmis-diagnosisarecommonwiththiscondition~1.CasereportA10-year-oldboypresentedwitha3-monthhistoryofhearinglossonrightside.Therewasnohistoryofotorrhea,facialpalsy,previousotologicalproceduresortrauma.Otoscopyrevealedabulgingposterosuperiorquadrantintheotherwiseintactrighttympanicmembrane(Fig.1).Puretoneaudiometryshowedanaveragethresholdof51dBfor500,1000,2000and4000Hz,witha40dBair-bonegap,suggestingamoderateconductivehearingloss(Fig.4).CTscanofthetemporalboneshowedanisolatedsofttissuedensitylesioninthemiddleear(Fig.2).

简介：ObjectiveTostudylocalinflammatoryresponseafterimplantationofhydroxyapatitesyntheticossicularprosthesis.MethodsHydroxyapatitegranuleswereimplantedinthebullain32rats.Shamsurgicalprocedureswereperformedin10ratsasthecontrol.Animalsweresacrificedat1to300daysaftersurgery.Bullasections,stainedwithHEandMallory'sazan,wereexaminedfornumbersandpercentagesofvariousinflammatorycelltypes.ResultsSlightlymoreinflammatoryreactionwasseeninanimalswiththeimplantthaninthecontrols,mostlyduringtheearlystagefollowingtheimplantationprocedure.Fewinflammatorycellswereobservedatlatertimes.Thereweresatisfactoryfibrosisinbothimplantedandcontrolears.ConclusionTheresultsindicatethathydroxyapatitesyntheticprosthesisisabiocompatibleimplantationmaterialinthemiddleear.Nonetheless,thepresenceofinflammatoryreactionimmediatelyfollowingimplantationimpliesthatcontrolofinfectionisimportantintheearlytimesaftertheimplantationprocedure.

简介：Middleearsurgerytechniqueshaveenabledtoimprovehearingdestroyedbyadisease.Despitehugeimprovementininstrumentationandtechniquestheresultsofhearingimprovementsurgeryarestilldifficulttopredict.ThispaperpresentstheresultsofvibrationsmeasurementsinahumanmiddleearobtainedattheMedicalUniversityofLublin.Vibrationsofthestapesinthecaseoftheintactossicularchain,aftercementincusrebuildingandincusinterpositionsarecomparedeachother.Inthisaimanewapproachofossiclesvibrationsobservationisintroducedinordertocompleteinformationobtainedfromclassicalapproachwhichbasesonthetransferfunction.Measurementsofossicularchainvibrationsareperformedonfreshhumantemporalbonespecimenusingthelaserdopplervibrometer.Next,afterclassicalresearch,theextendedanalysiswiththerecurrenceplotstechniqueisperformed.

简介：AbstractObjective:To evaluate the necessity and effectiveness of a preplanned technique for drilling during transcanal endoscopic ear surgery.Methods:Study design: Retrospective case series study from June 2011 to June 2015. Setting: Private tertiary care hospital. Patients: Eighty-five ears of 78 patients, age ranging from 9 to 57 years underwent transcanal endoscopic drilling for various types of pathology in their middle and external ear. Interventions: Application of a preplanned technique for transcanal drilling in endoscopic ear surgery that involved short timed drilling with use of intermittent irrigation and suction. Every events of the procedure were done one after another with the single hand of the surgeon. An attachment providing protecting sheath around rotating burr was used during each time of drilling. Main outcomes measure: Efficacy of such drilling technique in single handed endoscopic ear surgery. Presence of any postoperative thermal injury of facial nerve and any lacerated injury of skin of external ear.Results:This preplanned technique was found suitable for transcanal endoscopic drilling with the single hand of the surgeon. Postoperative facial nerve palsy or laceration of skin of external ear was not noted in any patient.Conclusion:After using the present technique, transcanal endoscopic drilling could be done easily and safely with single hand of the surgeon.

简介：ObjectivesTostudyclinical,imagingfeaturesandtreatmentoutcomesofcongenitalcholesteatomaofmiddleear(CCME).MethodsThisisaretrospectivereviewof10CCMEcasesselectedfrom952cholesteatomacasestreatedbetweenJanuary1995andDecember2005attheDepartmentofOtolaryngology-HeadandNeckSurgery,ChinesePLAGeneralHospital.Themainoutcomemeasureswerethesiteoforigin,clinicalfeatures,surgicalfindings,imagingcharacteristicsandhearingresults.ResultsThemeanageofthe10patientswas16years(rangedfrom10to24years),with6beingolderthan18years.Therewere7malesand3females.Theaveragedelaytodiagnosiswaslongerthan2years.ThemeanpreoperativePTAwas55dBHL,withameanABGof45dB.Typicalcholesteatomaswereseenbehindthetympanicmembraneinthesuperoposteriorquadrantonotoscopyonlyin2patients.HighresolutionCTwascompletedinallpatients.Mostofthepatients(8/10)werediagnosedwithotosclerosisorossicularabnormalitybeforeoperation.Allpatientsunderwentaone-stagetympanoplastyfollowingtransmeatalexplorativetympanotomyandcompletecholesteatomaremoval,exceptone,whounderwentaCWUmastoidectomyduetoextensivecholesteatomainvolvement.Thecholeasteatomalesionwasconfinedtothesuperoposteriormesotympanuminallpatients.ThemeanpostoperativePTAwas20dBHL.Allpatientswerefollowed-upforatleast1.5yearspostoperatively.Revisionprocedureswereperformedin2patientsforhearingdeterioration.Noresidualorrecurrenceofcholesteatomawasfound.ConclusionCCMEisararediseasethatoftengetsdelayeddiagnosis.Residuallesionsandtheprognosismainlydependontheextentofthelesion.

简介：ObjectiveToreportapopulation-basedsurveyontheprevalence,pathogenicfactorsandmedicalneedsofeardiseasesandhearingloss.MethodsUsingtheprobabilityproportiontosize(PPS)method,6626residentswereinvestigatedin30clustersinaccordancewiththeWHOprotocol.ResultsTheprevalenceofhearinglosswas17.1%(compatiblewiththenatioanalstandardizedrateof17.6%),includingmild(11.0%),moderate(4.2%),severe(1.4%),andprofound(0.5%)impairment.Ofthe1131individualswithhearingloss,663(20.2%)weremaleand468(14.0%)werefemale.Theprevalenceofhearingdisabilitywas6.1%(againcompatiblewiththenationalstandardizedrateof6.5%).Thecausesofhearinglosswereeardiseases(31.4%),non-infectiouseardisorders(42.5%),geneticdisorders(6.7%),infectiousdisease(0.4%)andundeterminedcauses(29.3%).Ofthehearingimpairedpeople,13.8%neededotologicand/oraudiologicinterventionsand9.1%neededhearingaids.ConclusionTheprevalenceofhearinglossandhearingdisabilityhaveincreasedinthepasttwentyyears.Thedataprovideimportantinformationforauthoritiesinformulatingpoliciesforpreventionandmanagementofdeafness.

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简介：AbstractThe development of applications for the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) system has increased greatly in recent years, especially in the area of gene therapy by efficient in vivo genome editing. Although great success has been achieved in repairing and rewriting genomes through homology-directed repair coupled with Cas9 nuclease cleavage, its in vivo efficiency is insufficient for gene therapy. Base editing is a next-generation genome-editing tool that does not involve double-stranded DNA breaks and uses components of the CRISPR system together with other enzymes to make point mutations directly in cellular DNA or RNA. Base editors, composed of an engineered deaminase and a catalytically impaired CRISPR/Cas9 variant, are powerful tools for targeted base editing in cells and organisms. In non-dividing cells, base editors can directly transform one base or base pair into another, efficiently installing a point mutation. Undesired by-products of editing are seldom generated during this procedure. Herein we review the different base-editing platforms, including their deaminase recruitment strategies and editing outcomes, and the in vivo delivery of base editors. Additionally, we summarize therapeutic applications of base editing in disorders of the inner ear.

简介：Inrecenttenoddyears,numerousexperimentshavebeenmadeonanimalswithhighimpulsenoiseandhigh-intensitycontinuousbroadbandnoiserespectively.Subsequentlyaseriesofobser-vationsonhumanearsexposedtoartilleryfireshavebeenconducted.