简介：Background:Thephysiologicalandbiochemicaldemandsofintenseexerciseelicitbothmuscle-basedandsystemicresponses.Themainadaptationstoenduranceexerciseincludethecorrectionofelectrolyteimbalance,adecreaseinglycogenstorageandtheincreaseofoxidativestress,intestinalpermeability,muscledamage,andsystemicinflammatoryresponse.Adaptationstoexercisemightbeinfluencedbythegutmicrobiota,whichplaysanimportantroleintheproduction,storage,andexpenditureofenergyobtainedfromthedietaswellasininflammation,redoxreactions,andhydrationstatus.Methods:Asystematicandcomprehensivesearchofelectronicdatabases,includingMEDLINE,Scopus,ClinicalTrials.gov,ScienceDirect,SpringerLink,andEMBASEwasdone.Thesearchprocesswascompletedusingthekeywords:'endurance','exercise','immuneresponse','microbiota','nutrition',and'probiotics'.Results:Reviewedliteraturesupportsthehypothesisthatintestinalmicrobiotamightbeabletoprovideameasureable,effectivemarkerofanathlete'simmunefunctionandthatmicrobialcompositionanalysismightalsobesensitiveenoughtodetectexercise-inducedstressandmetabolicdisorders.Thereviewalsosupportsthehypothesisthatmodifyingthemicrobiotathroughtheuseofprobioticscouldbeanimportanttherapeutictooltoimproveathletes'overallgeneralhealth,performance,andenergyavailabilitywhilecontrollinginflammationandredoxlevels.Conclusion:Thepresentreviewprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofhowgutmicrobiotamayhaveakeyroleincontrollingtheoxidativestressandinflammatoryresponsesaswellasimprovingmetabolismandenergyexpenditureduringintenseexercise.

简介：为了为重油变换改进RFCC单位的能力，减少焦炭和油泥浆的收益，并且增加，经济单位受益，西诺佩克·卢奥伊昂·布朗奇公司开始在统一展示强壮的重油变换能力，焦炭的低收益和油泥浆的耐力催化剂的它的号码2RFCC使用了的开始的2007年8月，和高总数点亮液体产量。在2007年11月进行的耐力催化剂的刻度上的结果显示了那在这种情况下使用败坏，化工物品质量和催化剂，焦炭的收益，油泥浆和气体的更低的单位消费分别地由0.28%，1.24%和0.35%减少了。精华产量和全部的轻液体产出的光由0.8%增加了并且1.88%分别地。

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简介：<正>Purpose:Todeterminetheintra-testerreliabilityofclinicalmeasurementsthatassessfivecomponentsrelatedtocorestability:strength.endurance,flexibility,motorcontrol,andfunction.Methods:Participantswere15college-agedmaleswhohadnotsufferedanyorthopedicinjuryinthepastyear.Corestrengthmeasurementsincludedeightisometrictestsandasit-uptest.Thefourcoreendurancetestswerethetrunkflexortest,trunkextensortest,andbilateralsidebridgetests.Flexibilitytestsincludedthesit-and-reachtestandactiverangeofthetrunkandhipjointmotions.Proprioceptionviapassiverepositiontestsofthehipsandasinglelimbbalancetestonanunsteadyplatformwereusedtoevaluatecoremotorcontrol.Functionalmeasurementsconsistedofasquattestandasingleleghoptestfortimeanddistance.Measurementswereperformedduringtwodatacollectionsessionswithaweek’srestbetweenthesessions.Intra-classcorrelationcoefficientswerecalculatedtoestablishreliability.Results:Theoverallintra-raterreliabilityforallcorestabilityrelatedmeasurementsrangedfromlow(ICC=0.35,lefthipreposition)toveryhigh(ICC=0.98,sit-and-reach).Asagroup,thecoreendurancetestswereobservedtobethemostreliable.Conclusion:Therearehighlyreliabletestsineachofthefivegroups.Overall,coreendurancetestsarethemostreliablemeasurements,followedbytheflexibility,strength,neuromuscularcontrol,andfunctionaltests,respectively.

简介：<正>Thishighlightarticlefocusesontheeffectsofdifferenttypesofexerciseonthepreventionandtreatmentoftype2diabetesandonfuturechallengesindevelopingeffectivepreventivestrategies.1.CurrentprevalenceofdiabetesinChinaCardiovasculardiseaseshavebecometheleadingcauseofdeathinChina.DiabetesisamajorriskfactorforcardiovasculardiseasesandtherapidchangeinlifestyleisthemainreasonfortheincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseasesinChina.TheChina

简介：Purpose:Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexaminetheeffectsofpre-coolingandfluidreplacementwitheithercrushediceorcoldwater.Methods:On2separateoccasions,inacounterbalancedorder,9recreationally-trainedmalesingested1.25g/kg（80–100g）ofeithercrushedice（0.5℃）orcoldwater（4℃）every5minfor30minbeforeexercise.Theyalsoingested2.0g/kg（130–160g）ofthesametreatmentdrinkat15min,30min,and45minafterthecommencementofcyclingtoexhaustionat60%VO2maxuntilvoluntaryexhaustioninahotenvironment（35℃and30%relativehumidity）.Results:Thecyclingtimetoexhaustioninthecrushedicetrial（50.0±12.2min）waslongerthanthecoldwatertrial（42.2±10.1min;p=0.02）.Althoughtherectaltemperaturefellby0.37℃±0.03℃（p=0.01）attheendoftherestingperiodafterthecrushediceingestion,theratesofriseinrectaltemperatureduringtheexerciseperiodwerenotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthese2conditions（crushedice:0.23℃±0.07℃,5min;coldwater:0.22℃±0.07℃,5min;p=0.94）.Conclusion:Crushediceingestionbeforeandduringexerciseinahotenvironmentmaybeapreferredandeffectiveapproachforminimizingthermalstrain,andforimprovingenduranceperformanceascomparedwithcoldwateringestion.

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简介：Objective:Thissystematicreviewaimedtocriticallyanalyzetheliteraturetodeterminehowhigh-intensityintermittenttraining(HIIT)affectsrecreationalendurancerunnersintheshort-andlong-term.Methods:ElectronicdatabasesweresearchedforliteraturedatingfromJanuary2000toOctober2015.Thesearchwasconductedusingthekeywords'high-intensityintermittenttraining'or'high-intensityintervalexercise'or'intervalrunning'or'sprintintervaltraining'and'endurancerunners'or'longdistancerunners'.Asystematicapproachwasusedtoevaluatethe783articlesidentifiedforinitialreview.StudieswereincludediftheyinvestigatedHIITinrecreationalendurancerunners.ThemethodologicalqualityofthestudieswasevaluatedusingthePhysiotherapyEvidenceDatabase(PEDro)scale(forinterventionstudies)andthemodifiedDownsandBlackQualityIndex(forcross-sectionalstudies).Results:Twenty-threestudiesmettheinclusionarycriteriaforreview.Theresultsarepresentedin2parts:cross-sectional(n=15)andinterventionstudies(n=8).Inthe15cross-sectionalstudiesselected,endurancerunnersperformedatleast1HIITprotocol,andtheacuteimpactonphysiological,neuromuscular,metabolicand/orbiomechanicalvariableswasassessed.Interventionstudieslastedaminimumof4weeks,with10weeksbeingthelongestinterventionperiod,andincluded2to4HIITsessionsperweek.MostofthesestudiescombinedHIITsessionswithcontinuousrun(CR)sessions;2studies’subjectsperformedHIITexclusively.Conclusion:HIIT-basedrunningplans(2to3HIITsessionsperweek,combiningHIITandCRruns)showathleticperformanceimprovementsinendurancerunnersbyimprovingmaximaloxygenuptakeandrunningeconomyalongwithmuscularandmetabolicadaptations.Tomaximizetheadaptationstotraining,bothHIITandCRmustbepartoftrainingprogramsforendurancerunners.