简介：Thepaperreviewsthepresentsituationofrefractoriesindustryonaworldwidebasis,intermsofproductionvolume,consumptioninsteelindustry,marketing,tradingandstructuralchange,basedontheinformationfromthepresentationsattheWorldRefractoriesCongressSingapore'2002togetherwithsomenewlyrevealeddataonChina'srefiactoriesindustry.Authors'commentsandsuggestionsonfuturedevelopmenthavebeenalsoprovidedinthepaper.

简介：这被相信在RNA世界上运作(ribozymes)并且参考(riboscripts)RNA分子被创造与仅仅三(腺苷，uridine，和海鸟粪正弦)并且二(腺苷和uridine)nucleosides，分别地以便遗传密码开始了不复杂。随后发展能剪贴自己和riboscripts的Ribozymes对严密编辑善于接受(到肌甙的腺苷)；RNA分子的集中的多样化塑造了能够polymerizing氨基酸的新奇细胞的机械—细胞的大楼材料的一种新类型永久。开始，遗传密码，编码七氨基酸，仅仅被创造区分嘌呤和嘧啶；它以后以编码12，15，和20的一个逐步的方法被扩展通过从它的角色的鸟嘌呤的消除的氨基酸作为运作的信号并且通过胞嘧啶的招募。因此，遗传密码的成熟也与一致与(1)从初发的翻译机械的aminoacyl-tRNA(AARS)的离开，(2)由DNA的参考RNA的代替，并且(3)AARS的合作进化和他们的血缘的tRNAs。这个模型由DNA预言做RNA的分子的机制，由蛋白质的细胞的过程，和参考利用的渐渐的代替。

简介：Spacepreventstheauthorfromgoingtodetail.Thefollowingscenarioisbutabroadbrushsketch:1.Doublingthe2000GNPinadecade(2001-2010)withtheinitialmarketmechanismestablished.Thesewillbethepivotalyearsforthetransitionperiodin

简介：LadiesandGentlemen,TheprojectofEuropeanIntegrationinitiatedaftertheSecondWorldWarisoneofthegreatestpolitical,socialandeconomicconcepts,whicharoseinthehistoryofcivilization.Today,more

简介：Low-carboneconomicdevelopmenthasbecomeafundamentalapproachtocoordinatingeconomicdevelopmentandcarbonemissionsmitigation.Asrapiddevelopingeconomic,aviationandnavigation,andfinancialcenterofNorthChina,Tianjin'senergydemandandCO2emissionsaremushrooming,withpercapitaCO2emissionfromfossilfuelcombustionexceeding20tin2020,whichmuchexceedscurrentlevelofUSA.Inthebackgroundofglobalrespondingtoclimatechange,ChinawilllikelyberequestedtocommitpeakingitsGHGemissionsduring20202030,whichwillinevitablyreducetheroomofdevelopmentinTianjinenormously.Tianjinshouldmakedeploymentahead,realizingwin-winofaddressingclimatechangeandsustainabledevelopment,withlowcarboneconomicdevelopmentasimportantstrategicmission.Firstofall,Tianjinshoulddevotemoreeffortstoreducingenergyintensityandrealizingrelativeemissionreduction.ScenarioanalysisshowsthatTianjin'sfutureCO2emissionswillcontinuetoincreaserapidly,buttheycanbesignificantlyreducedbytakingmeasures.Second,TianjinshouldgetreadyforachievingabsolutereductionofCO2emissionsassoonaspossible,preparingsystem,technologyandtalentinadvance,makinggreateffortstoestablishinstitutionalmechanismsconducivetolow-carbondevelopmentfromnowon,startingfromenergyconservationandemissionreduction,activelycarryingoutlow-carbontechnologyresearchanddevelopment,vigorouslydevelopingthetertiaryindustrywithlow-emissions,developingnewandrenewableenergyresources,activelypromotelow-carbonconsumption.

简介：Thispapertakestheclimatechangeandlowcarboneconomydevelopmentasthestudybackground,basedontheanalysisofenergydemandandcarbonemissionsstatus,whichisaimedtoprovidethelowcarbondevelopmentpathinChinesecities.Themethodofscenarioanalysiscanbeusedtopredictlong-termstrategyfortheuncertaintyfuturedevelopment,anditwasintroducedtothefieldofsocialforecastingandpublicpolicyresearch,suchastheenvironmentalstrategicplanning,policyanalysis,andsupportofdecisioninresourcemanagement,whichcanbeusedtoexplorethepossibledevelopmenttrendandtargetoftheresultsfromthemacroperspective.Scenarioanalysishasbeengraduallyappliedtothestudyareaonlowcarboneconomy,energyforecastingandotherfieldsinrecentyears,andtherehavebeenmanyresearchresultsindifferentaspects.Thispapertakesthescenarioanalysisasbasicstudytheory,spreadingoutthepresentsituationofitsapplicationinlowcarboncityandsomeissuesthatneedfurtherstudy.Asatoolforpredictingthefuturedevelopmentinlowcarboncity,themethodofscenarioanalysishasbeenprovidingapowerfulreferenceforpoliciesandtheirexecutants.

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简介：Thedecisionsconcerningportfolioselectionforarmyengineeringandmanufacturingdevelopmentprojectsdeterminethebenefitofthoseprojectstothecountryconcerned.Projectsaretypicallyselectedbasedonexanteestimatesoffuturereturnvalues,whichareusuallydifficulttospecifyoronlygeneratedafterprojectlaunch.Ascenario-basedapproachispresentedheretoaddresstheproblemofselectingaprojectportfoliounderincompletescenarioinformationandinterdependencyconstraints.Inthefirststage,therelevantdominanceconceptsofscenarioanalysisarestudiedtohandletheincompleteinformation.Then,ascenario-basedprogrammingapproachisproposedtohandletheinterdependenciestoobtaintheprojects,whosereturnvaluesaremulti-criteriawithintervaldata.Finally,anillustrativeexampleofarmyengineeringandmanufacturingdevelopmentshowsthefeasibilityandadvantagesofthescenario-basedmulti-objectiveprogrammingapproach.

简介：UtilizingtheJointTyphoonWarningCenter(JTWC)andTokyo-TyphoonCenteroftheJapanMeteorologicalAgency(JMARSMCTOKYO)best-tracktropicalcyclone(TC)datafortheperiod1951-2014,variationsinspatialandtemporalcharacteristicsofNorthwestPacificTCactivityforaglobalwarmingscenarioarediscussed.Theresultssuggestthatsincetheearly1960s,therehasbeenanoveralldecreasingtrendinthefrequencyofoccurrence,intensity,peakintensity,lengthofmovement,andlifetimeofTCs.However,globalwanninghasledtoalinearlyincreasingtrendinTCactivityineasternAsia,whichindicatesthatNorthwestPacificTCactivitydecreases,butthefrequencyoflandfallsandintensityarelikelystrengthened.Therefore,thethreatofTCstowardseasternAsiaisenhanced.TheincreaseinTCactivityineasternAsiaislikelytheresultofastrengthenedWalkercirculationduetoanincreasingtemperaturegradientbetweenthenorthwestPacificOceanandthecentralandeasternPacificOcean.ThestrengtheningWalkercirculationcouldincreasethemagnitudeoftheverticalwindshear,relativevorticity,andmeridionalwindshearoflow-leveleasterliesneartheequatorinthetropicalNorthwestPacific,whichaffectsthespatialandtemporalvariationsofTCactivityintheNorthwestPacific.

简介：RegionalclimatechangeinChinaundertheIPCCA2Scenario,wassimulatedforcontinuous10-yrperiodbytheMM5V3,usingtheoutputofanIPCCA2runfromCISROMark3climatesystemmodelaslateralandsurfaceboundaryconditions.Theregionalclimatechangeofsurfaceairtemperature,precipitation,andcirculationwereanalyzed.Theresultsshowedthat(1)thedistributionofmeancirculation,surfaceairtemperature,andprecipitationwasreproducedbytheMM5V3.TheregionalclimatemodelwascapabletoimprovetheregionalclimatesimulationdrivenbyGCM.(2)TheclimatechangesimulationundertheIPCCA2ScenarioindicatedthatthesurfaceairtemperatureinChinawouldincreaseinthefuture,withastrongertrendinwinterandtheincreasingmagnitudefromthesouthtothenorth.Theprecipitationdistributionwouldappearadistinctchangeaswell.AnnualmeanprecipitationwouldremarkablyincreaseinNortheastChina,YangtzeandHuaiheRiverValley,andthesouthareaofthevalley.Meanwhile,rainfallwouldshowadecreasingtrendinpartialareasofNorthChina,andmanyregionsofSouthwestandNorthwestChina.

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简介：StationarylongpulseplasmaofhighelectrontemperaturewasproducedonEASTforthefirsttimethroughanintegratedcontrolofplasmashape,divertorheatflux,particleexhaust,wallconditioning,impuritymanagement,andthecouplingofmultipleheatingandcurrentdrivepower.Adischargewithalowersinglenulldivertorconfigurationwasmaintainedfor103sataplasmacurrentof0.4MA,q95≈7.0,apeakelectrontemperatureof>4.5keV,andacentraldensityne（0）2.5×1019m-3.Theplasmacurrentwasnearlynon-inductive(Vloop<0.05V,poloidalbeta0.9)drivenbyacombinationof0.6MWlowerhybridwaveat2.45GHz,1.4MWlowerhybridwaveat4.6GHz,0.5MWelectroncyclotronheatingat140GHz,and0.4MWmodulatedneutraldeuteriumbeaminjectedat60kV.Thisprogressdemonstratedstrongsynergyofelectroncyclotronandlowerhybridelectronheating,currentdrive,andenergyconfinementofstationaryplasmaonEAST.Itfurtherintroducedanexampleofintegrated'hybrid'operatingscenarioofinteresttoITERandCFETR.

简介：Chinahasexperiencedarapidurbanizationsincelate1970s.Thegreatincreaseofurbanpopulationhasresultedinvariousenvironmentalchanges,ofwhichurbanwatershortageandwaterenvironmentproblemshaveoc-curredinmostcities,especiallyintherapidlydevelopingurbanagglomerationsintheeasterncoastalregion.Thisresearch,takingShandongPeninsulaUrbanAgglomeration(SPUA)asacasestudyarea,analyzestheurbanizationexpansioninthelastdecades,discussesthewatershortageandwaterenvironmentchangesfollowingtherapideco-nomicdevelopmentandurbanizationsuchasgroundwatersinkingintheurbanandplainarea,seawaterandsalt-waterintrusioninthecoastalcities,waterpollutionoverspreadingandwaterecosystemdegradation,andputsfor-wardssomestrategiesforsustainabilityinpopulousregionswithseverewatershortage.SomecountermeasuresforsustainabledevelopmentofSPUAareputforward,suchasconstructingmodernwaterresourcesinter-citynetworkstoregulatewaterresourcebetweencities,adjustingurbanizationpolicyandurbanscaleplanningtopromotethede-velopmentofsmalltownsandmediumsizedcities,optimizingurbanindustrystructurebyrestrictinghighwatercon-sumptionenterprisesandstimulatingthegrowthoftertiaryindustry,improvingwateruseefficiencytoreducefreshwaterconsumptionandwastewaterdischarge,introducingeconomicmeanstowaterpricingandwatermanagementsystem,andrestoringecologicalconditionstostrengthenthenaturalwater-makingcapacity.

简介：城市生产性服务业的快速发展对作为其空间载体的写字楼开发提出了更高的要求，将GIS空间分析手段与方案规划（Scenario-planning）相结合，对城市写字楼的容量密度进行多方案的模拟与对比，以此确定城市写字楼容量的空间布局。GIS—SCENAR10分析技术能更加精确地对空间布局影响因素进行定量分析，充分考虑现实环境中复杂的情况并与合理的价值判断相结合，GIS环境又能为各种影响因素提供互相联系比对的空间分析平台，作为一种战略规划方法，它能使规划编制者在一个充满不确定性和不完全预知性的环境中做出相对合理的决策。

简介：Netprimaryproduction(NPP)ofcroprepresentsthecapacityofsequestratingatmosphericCO_2inagro-ecosystem,anditplaysanimportantroleinterrestrialcarboncycling.BylinkingtheCrop-CmodelwithclimatechangescenarioprojectedbyacoupledGCMFGOALSviageographicalinformationsystem(GIS)techniques,cropNPPinChinawassimulatedfrom2000to2050.ThenationalaveragedsurfaceairtemperaturefromFGOALSisprojectedtoincreaseby1.0℃overthisperiodandthecorrespondingatmosphericCO_2concentrationis535ppmby2050undertheIPCCAIBscenario.Withaspatialresolutionof10×10km~2,modelsimulationindicatedthatanannualaverageincreaseof0.6TgCyr~(-1)(Tg=10~(12)g)wouldbepossibleundertheAIBscenario.TheNPPinthelate2040swouldincreaseby5%(30TgC)withinthe98×10~6hm~2croplandareaincontrastwiththatintheearly2000s.AfurtherinvestigationsuggestedthatchangesintheNPPwouldnotbeevenlydistributedinChina.AhigherincreasewouldoccurinamajorityofregionslocatedineasternandnorthwesternChina,whileaslightreductionwouldappearinHebeiandTianjininnorthernChina.ThespatialcharacteristicsofthecropNPPchangeareattributedprimarilytotheunevendistributionoftemperaturechange.

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