简介：AbstractObjective:Scoping review of published literature to establish clinical characteristics and audiologic outcomes in patients diagnosed with Susac’s Syndrome(SS) who have undergone cochlear implantation (CI).Data sources:All published studies of CI in SS and contribution of two of our own patients who have not been reported previously.Methods:A comprehensive search of MEDLINE (via PubMed) was carried out in March 2020 using the following keywords and related entry terms: Susac’s Syndrome, Cochlear Implantation. Results: Our search identified a total of five case reports of CI in SS. With the addition of our two patients reported here, we analyzed characteristics and outcomes in seven patients. Mean age at implantation was 30 years old (range 19-46), with six women and one man implanted. Mean time from onset of hearing loss to implantation was 17 months (range three months to four years). Best reported postoperative speech understanding was reported via different metrics, with six of seven patients achieving open set speech scores of 90% or better, and one subject performing at 68%. Vestibular symptoms were present preoperatively in four of seven patients (57%), with vestibular testing reported in two patients, and showing vestibulopathy in one patient. No complications were reported following cochlear implantation.Conclusion:Cochlear implantation is a viable option for hearing rehabilitation in patients with SS, with levels of attainment of open set speech comparable to other populations of CI candidates.

简介：AbstractObjective:Proficiency in endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery requires both substantial baseline training and progressive lifelong learning. Endoscopic simulation models continue to evolve in an effort to optimize trainee education and preoperative preparation and improve surgical outcomes. The current scoping review systematically reviews all available literature and synthesizes the current paradigms of simulation models for endoscopic skull base surgery training and skill enhancement.Methods:In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Studies were categorized according to the type of simulation models investigated.Results:We identified 238 unique references, with 55 studies ultimately meeting inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 studies described cadaveric dissection models, 17 discussed three-dimensional (3D) printed models, 14 examined virtual surgical planning and augmented reality-based models, and five 5 articles described task trainers.Conclusions:There are a wide variety of simulation models for endoscopic skull base surgery, including high-fidelity cadaveric, virtual reality, and 3D-printed models. These models are an asset for trainee development and preoperative surgical preparation.

简介：AbstractBackground:Stroke is a principal cause of mortality and disability globally. Numerous studies have contributed to the knowledge base regarding self-management interventions among chronic disease patients, but there are few such studies for patients with stroke. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze self-management interventions among stroke patients. This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and describe randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of self-management interventions for adults with stroke.Methods:A review team carried out a scoping review on stroke and self-management interventions based on the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus Full Text, Medline Plus Full Text, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to July 2020.Results:Fifty-four RCTs were included. The most popular study design is comparing a self-management intervention to usual care or waitlist control condition. Physical activity is the most common intervention topic, and interventions were mainly delivered face to face. The majority of interventions were located in inpatient and multiple settings. Interventions were conducted by various providers, with nurses the most common provider group. Symptom management was the most frequently reported outcome domain that improved.Conclusions:Self-management interventions benefit the symptom management of stroke patients a lot. The reasonable time for intervention is at least 6-12 months. Multifarious intervention topics, delivery formats, and providers are adopted mostly to meet the multiple needs of this population. Physical activity was the most popular topic currently. Studies comparing the effect of different types of self-management interventions are required in the future.

简介：AbstractPurpose:Comparison of effective road safety approaches with those of relatively similar countries can be used to identify possibilities for safety improvement. Since there is no clear and comprehensive study of countries' current and successful approaches to road safety in the world, the aim of this study was to identifying common road safety approaches in the world.Methods:This study was performed using scoping review and thematic analysis. The study followed the approach proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. In this study all articles were selected without time limit by searching in the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Embase. An initial search of 5612 papers was found and finally, 20 papers met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed.Results:There were different road safety approaches in different countries around the world, which were classified in three themes: traditional approach, systemic approach, and vision zero. The traditional approach includes the sub-theme of the road-user approach, and the causal approach. The systemic approach also includes sub-themes of sustainable safety, safety system, and the United Nations plan for decade of action.Conclusion:A systemic approach to road safety seems to be welcomed by most developed and developing countries, and a paradigm shift towards a safe system has taken place. Also, given the successful results of implementing vision zero in leading countries, most countries are trying to design and implement this approach. Finally, the choice and implementation of road safety approaches varies according to the principles, priorities and infrastructure of each country.

简介：AbstractObjective:Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) has distinct characteristics regarding its global prevalence, initial presentation, management and patient outcomes compared to other subtypes of head and neck cancer (HNC). The mainstay of NPC treatment is chemo-radiation (C/RT) and while dysphagia is a known early and late toxicity of C/RT treatment, the nature of dysphagia post NPC treatment has had limited investigation. The objective of this review is to summarise the existing evidence regarding dysphagia following NPC to inform the future research agenda for this population. Dysphagia incidence, characteristic deficits observed across the phases of swallowing, efficacy of current dysphagia interventions, and effect on quality of life will be explored.Data sources:Databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science were included.Methods:A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Two independent reviewers screened selected full text articles.Results:Of the initial 2495 articles found, 28 articles were included. Reports of penetration and aspiration varied widely (0%-91.6%), with high rates of silent aspiration identified in 2 studies (42%, 66%). Oral, pharyngeal and upper esophageal phase impairments were reported. Of these, upper esophageal stasis and multiple pharyngeal stage deficits were most prevalent. The pharyngeal constrictors were found to have a significant dose-effect relationship and shielding to the anterior neck field was effective to preserve swallowing function. Six treatment studies were identified with limited evidence supporting the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation, dilatation and swallowing exercises. Quality of life was adversely affected.Conclusions:Dysphagia is a prevalent early and late problem post NPC treatment, with impairments across all phases of the swallow. Studies on preventing dysphagia and treatment efficacy remain limited. More systematic study of the nature of dysphagia and the efficacy of treatment in this population is warranted.

简介：AbstractBackground:The One Health (OH) concept has been promoted widely around the globe. OH framework is expected to be applied as an integrated approach to support addressing zoonotic diseases as a significant global health issue and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of zoonosis prevention and control. This review is intended to overview the social impact of the implementation of OH on zoonosis prevention and control.Methods:A scoping review of studies in the past 10 years was performed to overview the integration feature of OH in zoonosis prevention and control and the social impacts of OH. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies published in English between January 2011 and June 2021. The included studies were selected based on predefined criteria.Results:Thirty-two studies were included in this review, and most of them adopted qualitative and semi-qualitative methods. More than 50% of the studies focused on zoonosis prevention and control. Most studies were conducted in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. Applying OH approach in diseases control integrates policymakers, stakeholders, and academics from various backgrounds. The impact of OH on economic is estimated that it may alleviate the burden of diseases and poverty in the long term, even though more financial support might be needed at the initial stage of OH implementation. OH implementation considers social and ecological factors related to zoonosis transmission and provides comprehensive strategies to assess and address related risks in different communities according to regions and customs.Conclusions:Based on reviewed literature, although there seems to be a lack of guidelines for assessing and visualizing the outcomes of OH implementation, which may limit the large-scale adoption of it, evidence on the contributions of implementing OH concepts on zoonosis prevention and control indicates long-term benefits to society, including a better integration of politics, stakeholders and academics to improve their cooperation, a potential to address economic issues caused by zoonosis, and a comprehensive consideration on social determinants of health during zoonosis prevention and control.

简介：AbstractBackground:Glomerular disease is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease globally. No scoping review reports have focused on China's spectrum of glomerular diseases in children. This study aimed to systematically identify and describe retrospective studies on pediatric glomerular disease based on available data on sex, age, study period, and region.Methods:Six databases were systematically searched for relevant studies from initiation to December 2021 in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health Library, Wangfang Database, and CNKI.Results:Thirty-four studies were identified in the scoping review, including 40,430 patients with biopsy-proven diagnoses. The proportion of boys was significantly higher than that of girls. In this study, 28,280 (70%) cases were primary glomerular disease, 10,547 (26.1%) cases were diagnosed as secondary glomerular disease, and 1146 (2.8%) cases were hereditary glomerular disease. Minimal change disease is the most common glomerular disease among children in China, followed by mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and purpura nephritis. We observed increments in glomerular diseases in periods 2 (2001–2010) and 3 (2011–2021). The proportion of major glomerular diseases varies significantly in the different regions of China.Conclusion:The spectrum of pediatric glomerular diseases varied across sex, age groups, study periods, and regions, and has changed considerably over the past 30 years.

简介：Temporalenvelopeisalowfrequencyamplitudemodulationconveyingsegmentalandsuprasegmentalinformationduringspeechperception.Unfortunately,weseldomfindourselvesincompletelyquietlisteningenvironmentsandnoise,commonlyfoundinthesurroundingenvironment,obscuresboththefinestructurecuesandpartlythetemporalenvelopecuesinspeech.Availabletemporalcontentofspeechemanatingfromnoiseisoftenenoughtoconveyrequiredinformationinnormalhearingindividuals.However,thecaseisdifferentinolderadults(withandwithouthearingloss)wholacksuchcapabilitiesduetotheimpairmentintemporalprocessing.Thiscallsattentionofaresearchertodelineatetheimportanceoftemporalenhancementofspeechinimprovingspeechperception.Therearemanytemporalenvelopestrategiesavailableintheliterature,buteachonehasitsownlacunae.Anenvelopeenhancementbyadeepbandmodulation(DBM)isfoundtobebeneficialforthoseindividualswhohavehadatemporalprocessingimpairment.Thereasoncouldbeattributedtothe15dBenhancementinthetemporalenvelopebandwidthbetween3and30Hz,extractedfromeachchannel,whichsignificantlyincreasesthemodulationdepthsuchthatmaskingofaconsonantbyavowelisminimized.Additionally,outputofdeepbandmodulatedspeechisrescaledsuchthatitsdurationincreasesanditprovidesrelativelyeasyaccesstothewordofthelexicon.Thus,inthenearfuture,withmoreexperimentsrelatedtoDBMalgorithm,itcanbeutilizedintherehabilitativedevicestolessentheimpactofthetemporalprocessingimpairment.

简介：AbstractBackground:As one of the non-pharmacological interventions to control the transmission of COVID-19, determining the quarantine duration is mainly based on the accurate estimates of the incubation period. However, patients with coarse information of the exposure date, as well as infections other than the symptomatic, were not taken into account in previously published studies. Thus, by using the statistical method dealing with the interval-censored data, we assessed the quarantine duration for both common and uncommon infections. The latter type includes the presymptomatic, the asymptomatic and the recurrent test positive patients.Methods:As of 10 December 2020, information on cases have been collected from the English and Chinese databases, including Pubmed, Google scholar, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang. Official websites and medias were also searched as data sources. All data were transformed into doubly interval-censored and the accelerated failure time model was applied. By estimating the incubation period and the time-to-event distribution of worldwide COVID-19 patients, we obtain the large percentiles for determining and suggesting the quarantine policies. For symptomatic and presymptomatic COVID-19 patients, the incubation time is the duration from exposure to symptom onset. For the asymptomatic, we substitute the date of first positive result of nucleic acid testing for that of symptom onset. Furthermore, the time from hospital discharge or getting negative test result to the positive recurrence has been calculated for recurrent positive patients.Results:A total of 1920 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 cases were included. Among all uncommon infections, 34.1% (n = 55) of them developed symptoms or were identified beyond fourteen days. Based on all collected cases, the 95th and 99th percentiles were estimated to be 16.2 days (95% CI 15.5-17.0) and 22.9 days (21.7-24.3) respectively. Besides, we got similar estimates based on merely symptomatic and presymptomatic infections as 15.1 days (14.4-15.7) and 21.1 days (20.0-22.2).Conclusions:There are a certain number of infected people who require longer quarantine duration. Our findings well support the current practice of the extended active monitoring. To further prevent possible transmissions induced and facilitated by such infectious outliers after the 14-days quarantine, properly prolonging the quarantine duration could be prudent for high-risk scenarios and in regions with insufficient test resources.

简介：AbstractBackground:Continuing progress in the global pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) response depends on timely identification and care of infants with HIV. As countries scale-out improvements to HIV early infant diagnosis (EID), economic evaluations are needed to inform program design and implementation. This scoping review aimed to summarize the available evidence and discuss practical implications of cost and cost-effectiveness analyses of HIV EID.Methods:We systematically searched bibliographic databases (Embase, MEDLINE and EconLit) and grey literature for economic analyses of HIV EID in low- and middle-income countries published between January 2008 and June 2021. We extracted data on unit costs, cost savings, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios as well as outcomes related to health and the HIV EID care process and summarized results in narrative and tabular formats. We converted unit costs to 2021 USD for easier comparison of costs across studies.Results:After title and abstract screening of 1278 records and full-text review of 99 records, we included 29 studies: 17 cost analyses and 12 model-based cost-effectiveness analyses. Unit costs were 21.46-51.80 USD for point-of-care EID tests and 16.21-42.73 USD for laboratory-based EID tests. All cost-effectiveness analyses stated at least one of the interventions evaluated to be cost-effective. Most studies reported costs of EID testing strategies; however, few studies assessed the same intervention or reported costs in the same way, making comparison of costs across studies challenging. Limited data availability of context-appropriate costs and outcomes of children with HIV as well as structural heterogeneity of cost-effectiveness modelling studies limits generalizability of economic analyses of HIV EID.Conclusions:The available cost and cost-effectiveness evidence for EID of HIV, while not directly comparable across studies, covers a broad range of interventions and suggests most interventions designed to improve EID are cost-effective or cost-saving. Further studies capturing costs and benefits of EID services as they are delivered in real-world settings are needed.

简介：Olderadultsoftenfinditdifficulttoperceivespeech,especiallyinnoisyconditions.Thoughhearingaidisoneoftherehabilitativedevicesavailabletoolderadultstoalleviatehearingloss,someofthemmayexperienceannoyancethroughhearingaidandhencerejectit.maybeduetocircuitrynoiseand/orbackgroundnoise.Acceptablenoiselevelisadirectbehaviouralmeasuretoestimatetheextentofhowmuchapersonisabletoputupwithnoisewhilesimultaneouslylisteningtospeech.Acceptablenoiselevelisacentralauditorymeasureanditisnotinfluencedbyage.gender,presentationlevelorspeaker.Usingthismeasure,wecanquantifytheannoyancelevelexperiencedbyanindividual.Thisinformationisofutmostimportanceandcautionshouldbepaidbeforesettingtheparametersinhearingaid,especiallyforthosewhoareunabletoacceptnoise.Inthisreviewarticle,anattempthasbeenmadetodocumenthowtooptimizethehearingaidprogrambysettingparameterssuchasnoisereductioncircuit,microphonesensitivityandgain.Theseadjustmentsofparametersmighthelptoreducerejectionrateofhearingaids,especiallyinthoseindividualswhoareannoyedbybackgroundnoise.

简介：AbstractBackground:Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are a crucial suite of measures to prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks. Despite being particularly important for crisis-affected populations and those living in informal settlements, who typically reside in overcrowded and resource limited settings with inadequate access to healthcare, guidance on NPI implementation rarely takes the specific needs of such populations into account. We therefore conducted a systematic scoping review of the published evidence to describe the landscape of research and identify evidence gaps concerning the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of NPIs among crisis-affected populations and informal settlements.Methods:We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2020 to collate available evidence on the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of NPIs in crisis-affected populations and informal settlements. We performed quality assessments of each study using a standardised questionnaire. We analysed the data to produce descriptive summaries according to a number of categories: date of publication; geographical region of intervention; typology of crisis, shelter, modes of transmission, NPI, research design; study design; and study quality.Results:Our review included 158 studies published in 85 peer-reviewed articles. Most research used low quality study designs. The acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of NPIs was highly context dependent. In general, simple and cost-effective interventions such as community-level environmental cleaning and provision of water, sanitation and hygiene services, and distribution of items for personal protection such as insecticide-treated nets, were both highly feasible and acceptable. Logistical, financial, and human resource constraints affected both the implementation and sustainability of measures. Community engagement emerged as a strong factor contributing to the effectiveness of NPIs. Conversely, measures that involve potential restriction on personal liberty such as case isolation and patient care and burial restrictions were found to be less acceptable, despite apparent effectiveness.Conclusions:Overall, the evidence base was variable, with substantial knowledge gaps which varied between settings and pathogens. Based on the current landscape, robust evidence-based guidance is not possible, and a research agenda is urgently required that focusses on these specific vulnerable populations. Although implementation of NPIs presents unique practical challenges in these settings, it is critical that such an agenda is put in place, and that the lessons learned from historical and present experiences are documented to build a firm evidence base.

简介：2013-3-18美国/印第安维尔斯我们多久没有看到玛利亚捧起冠军奖杯了?答案是9个月。但这次巴黎银行公开赛上,俄罗斯甜心没有放过机会,以6-2、6-2横扫沃兹尼亚奇,打破了长达数月的冠军荒,职业生涯首次捧得皇冠级赛事的桂冠,而这场胜利也让莎娃的排名重回世界第二。

简介：

简介：

简介：Justfortyyearsago,ZwikkerandKosten‘sclassicalwork"SoundAbsorbingMaterials"waspublishedandthetheoreticalfoundationofsoundabsorbingmateri-alswaslaid.AndMechel‘smonograph"Schallabsorber"isanimportantdevelop-ment.Thebookconsistsofthreevolumes.Volumeoneisoutersoundfield,thatis,interactionbetweensoundfieldandsoundabsorber;volumetwoisinternalsoundfield,orthestructureandapplicationofsoundabsorber;volumethreeiscomputerprogram,asupplementaryvolume.Volumeoneisnowpublished.The

简介：

简介：

简介：

简介：PriceofEu-richandYt-mediumREconcentrateindomesticmarketrosetoRMB￥74,000/tonfromRMB￥72,000/ton.Itwasstillonrising.PriceofREcarbonateinBaotouwasoverRMB￥10,000/tonduetothestrictvolumecontrolofrareearthconcentrate.