简介:ToinvestigatetheexpressionlevelsofthreeDsbproteingenes,dsbB,dsbDanddsbG,atdifferenttimepointspostC.trachomatisinfection,mousefibroblast12cellswerechosentobeinfectedwithC.trachomatisserovarFstrainF/IC-Cal-13.C.trachomatiselementarybody(EB)-infected12cellswereharvestedimmediatelyafterEBattachmentontothecellsandevery4hourspostinfection(hpi)till44hpifortotalRNApreparation.RT-PCRassayswerethenemployedtoamplifycDNAwithprimerpairswhicharespecifictoC.trachomatisdsbgenesdsbB,dsbD,dsbGandtufArespectively.Therela-tiveexpressionlevelsofDsbproteingeneswereevaluatedascDNAratiosofgenedsbtogenetufA.OurresultsshowedthatthetranscriptionofdsbGstartedfrom12hpiandgraduallyincreasedtill44hpi.ThetranscriptionofdsbBanddsbDweredetectedat16hpiandreachedtheirpeaksat28hpiand24-28hpi,respectively.Moreover,therewasobvioustranscriptionofdsbBatthelaterstage(44hpi),butnonefordsbDatthistimepoint.WecametotheconclusionthattheexpressionlevelsofthethreeDsbproteingenesaredifferentduringthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatist.Theymayplayaroleinmid-to-latestageofthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatis.
简介:DSB裁决在当事国国内法律体系中的效力如何认定,直接关系到裁决的影响力与执行力。美国国内法律规定,DSB裁决本身不具有直接适用性。DSB裁决对国内法律产生影响的唯一渠道,是通过立法程序写入国内立法。法院在作出判决时可以考虑。DSB裁决的逻辑,但DSB裁决此时的效力并不高于学者著述或外国判例,至多只具有说服力。此种观点也在美国国际法学界得到相当的认可。DSB裁决在美国案外效力的缺失,在维护了美国国内法律体系完整性的同时。也将美国的贸易保护主义进行了合法化。我国应当在承认与尊重WTO协议的同时,在法律中明确规定DSB裁决不具有案外效力,并且,建立自己的DSB裁决分析与吸收制度。
简介:TheAppellateBodyreportinJanuary2012hadsupportedthedecisionofPanelinthe"China-measuresrelatedtotheexportationofvariousrawmaterials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)andaffirmedthatChina’srestrictions(suchastariffsandquotameasures)ontheexportationofrawmaterialsviolatedrulesputforthbytheWTO,whichwererequiredtobemodified.InthiscaseChina’srighttoinvokeArticle20ofGATT1994("generalexception")tojustifyitsexemptionfromtheguidelinesinArticle11.3oftheWTOAccessionProtocolwasdeniedbythePanelandtheAppellateBody.ThiswasduetothefactthatthephrasinginArticle11.3ofProtocolfailedtomention"GATT."ThiswastheconsequenceofthetwointerpretationapproachestheDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)adopted-anarrowtextualinterpretationandasubjectivepresumptionof"legislativesilence."TheinappropriateuseofthetwomethodsofinterpretationleadtoanimbalancebetweentherightandobligationofChinaundertheadditionalobligationsthatwereimposeduponChinabytheWTO,whichcreateanegativeimpactonChina’srareearthcaseandtheprotectionofdomesticnaturalresources.
简介:2005年1月17日,世界贸易组织(WTO)总干事素帕猜博士发布了一份研究报告。该报告由8名专家共同完成,笔者有幸参与了此项研究。2003年6月,素帕猜博士委托专家组对WTO过去的工作进行总结分析,并为WTO今后的发展方向制定一个蓝图。