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简介：Micro-retailenterprises(MREs)havehadtoadapttochangingconditionsinregardstomobilepayments(m-payments)andaccesstoloans.TheauthorsbuiltonthepublishedresultsoftwoprevioussurveysofMREs.Onethousandninehundredandninety-eightMREsinfourcitiesinChinaweresurveyedinMayandJuneof2018todeterminetheuseandimportanceofm-paymentstotheirbusiness,theiraccesstoloans,andpatternsofentrepreneurship.Whilesometrendsremainunchanged,atleasttwosignificantfindingsemerge.M-paymentshavenotonlygainedalmostuniversalacceptancebyMREsinChina;theyaretheoverwhelminglypreferredpaymentmethod.Inourlastpaper,wearguedthat“m-paymentsmayrepresentaformofleapfroggingtechnologywhichwillspurgrowthinthissector”andthispaperprovidesadditionalevidencethisisoccurring.M-paymentsshoweverysignofbeinganexampleofaleapfroggingtechnologythatisquicklychangingtherulesforretailintheMREsectorandopeningnewopportunitiesforbusinesseswhileloweringtransactioncosts,reducingfraud,andimprovingcustomersatisfaction.Thereareintriguingimplications,includingchangestothepaceofm-paymentsreplacingcreditcards.Second,whileitremainstruethatoverall,accesstoloansforMREsislimited;thereisagreatdealofvariationbetweentier-onecitiesandtier-twoandtier-threecities.

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简介：期刊海藻的花蕾从沉积导致磷(P)的免职和版本进水。因此，当海藻的粒子开始安定到底部时，在季节的变化期间，在沉积理解行为和P的分发特征是最重要的钥匙管理Saemangeum水库的水质量。在这研究，水质量和沉积作文包括叶绿素的变化--一(Chl--一)并且P被调查决定在水和沉积之间的相互作用。学习首先集中了于影响P版本和沉积的矿化作用的海藻的粒子沉积。Chl--水里的集中在10月看了锋利的衰落水藻什么时候开始在秋天死了，并且后来，化学的氧需求(货到付款)的集中和在沉积的全部的P(TP)在11月由于腐烂的海藻的粒子的沉积增加了。在时间的一样的时期期间，在沉积的容易地简历可得到的P(敲击)在在哪儿的上面的区域显示出激烈的增加Chl--水的集中高。在顺序，高敲击地区在早冬季从上面的区域变了到更低的区域。敲击移动被认为从分解水藻在沉积的表面上从安定的overlying水的物理流动被发源。Saemangeum水库最近被构造；因此，除了可溶的反应的磷(SRP)的无机的P部分的所有类型在湖和沼泽地沉积层的底部表面上存在不是足够的显著地影响overlying水。在另一方面，从水藻的释放P对季节的变化不同、敏感。在结论，海藻的粒子沉积是重要的在Seamangeum水库从沉积表面层的使矿物化的无机的P控制超营养作用而非P版本。

简介：Atpresent,thegeopoliticallandscapeintheMiddleEastisundergoingaperiodofacceleratedtransformation,distinguishedbyarenewedgreat-powerrivalrybetweenRussiaandtheUnitedStatesandsupplementedbythecontestbetweenIranandSaudiArabia.AstheArabworldisnolongerunderaframeworkof“dualleadership,”divisionsamongregionalcampshavebecomeevenmoredistinct,makingregionalcohesionfurtherunlikely.Despiteitsoutstandingregionalinfluence,SaudiArabia’scapabilitiesstillfallshortofitsambitions.AlthoughtheKurdishindependencemovementsufferedamajorsetbackinsomeareas,ithasstillplayedanimportantroleintheevolutionofregionalgeopolitics.

简介：Sustainableuseofnaturalresourcesandsustainabledevelopmentareconceptsthataregainingmomentumgloballyintheadventofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.ThethresholdfortheentryinforceoftheParisAgreementonClimateChangewasachievedexactly5daysaftertheunveilingofBotswana’sVision2036document.Thisdevelopmentframeworkenvisagessustainableeconomicdevelopmentandclimatechangeadaptation.ThisarticleusesexploratoryresearchmethodologyofsystematicdocumentanalysistoanalyzetheseprinciplesinthecontextofBotswana.Itinvestigatesgovernment’sintentionsinachievingthethirdpillarofthenationalvision.Botswanahasdeclareditsintensionstoreducecarbonemissionsby15%by2030throughtheintendednationallydeterminedcontributions.Whilethecountry’sambitionsarelargelyforward-lookingandalignedwiththoseoftheParisAgreement,theeconomicdiversificationplansofBotswanathreatentopotentiallycontributesignificantlytotheemissionofgreenhousegases.Thearticleappliessustainabilityand/orsustainabledevelopmenttheoryinexaminingtherelationshipbetweentheParisAgreementandBotswana’svision.Itconcludesthatthereislinkbetweenthetwodocuments,bothofwhichareanchoredofthedevelopmentwhichisenvironmentallysustainable.Itfurtherconcludesthatdevelopingnationsshouldmakeinternationalcommitmentswhicharealignedtotheirdevelopmentalplans.

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简介：Background:RecentprojectionsexpectthatVietnamwillbeaffectedmostseverelybyclimatechangewithhighertemperatures,moreprecipitationandrisingsealevels.Especiallyincreasedtemperatureswillworsenthesituationsincities,amplifyingtheurbanheatislandeffect.Greeninfrastructures,i.e.urbantreesareacommontooltoimprovetheurbanmicro-climateforhumans.Vitalandwellgrowingtreesprovidegreatestbenefitssuchasevaporativecooling,shading,airfilteringandcarbonstorage.However,urbantreegrowthisoftennegativelyaffectedbyurbangrowingconditionssuchashighsoilsealingwithcompactedtreepitsprovidingsmallgrowingspaceswithlimitedwater,nutrientandoxygensupply,furtherwarmtemperaturesandhighpollutionemissions.ThisstudyanalyzedthegrowthofurbanandruralAfricanmahogany{Khoyosenegalensis(Desr.)A.Juss.)treesinthecityofHanoi,Vietnamandtheeffectsofthesurroundingclimateconditionsontreegrowth.Results:TheresultsshowedthatruralAfricanmahoganytreesgrewbetterthantreessituatedinthecitycenter,whichiscontrarytootherresultsontreegrowthoftemperateandsubtropicalcitiesworldwide.Moreovertreegrowthwassimilarregardlessofthetimeofgrowth.OtherresultsregardingstemgrowthofAfricanmahoganylocatedindifferentareasofHanoi(east,west,north,citycenter)revealedabettergrowthinthenorthernandwesternoutskirtsofthecitycomparedtothegrowthoftreesinthecitycenter.Conclusion:AfricanmahoganytreesintheurbancentersofHanoishowedadecreasedgrowthcomparedtoruraltrees,whichwaslikelyinducedbyalowground-waterlevelandhighpollutionrates.Inviewofclimatechangeandglobalwarming,thedecreasedtreegrowthinthecitycentermayalsoaffeatreeserviceprovisionsuchasshadingandcooling.ThoseclimatemitigationsolutionsarestronglyneededinareasseverelyaffectedbyclimatechangeandglobalwarmingsuchasVietnam.

简介：进行中的气候变化是对生物多样性的主要威胁。不管多么许多种类清楚地受不了进行中的气候变化，例如，其它由显示出范围扩大得益于它。然而，特定的特征哪个决定种类危险到气候变化？Phenotypic粘性，对环境变化被描述了为防卫的第一根线，可能在这里具有最大的重要性。对这个背景，我们这里在3铜蝴蝶种类在压力忍耐比较粘性，它在他们对气候变化的弱点可以证明不同。明确地，我们在成年阶段在acclimatization以后调查了热，寒冷和干燥抵抗到不同温度。我们证明在更高的温度的环境适应增加了热，但是减少冷忍耐和干燥抵抗。与我们的预言相反，种类没在压力抵抗显示出显著变化，尽管在温度的塑料能力强调抵抗确实越过种类变化了。总的来说，我们的结果似乎比speciesspecific模式反映populationrather。我们断定使用的人口的地理起源应该在比较研究被认为平。然而，我们的结果建议在这里学习的3种类，对气候变化的弱点没被压力抵抗首先在成年阶段决定。当昆虫学的研究仅仅实在太经常集中于成年人，当试着理解昆虫回答到环境变化时，我们主张更多的研究努力应该被奉献给另外的发展阶段。

简介：Thecircumborealforestencompassesdiverselandscapestructures,dynamicsandforestagedistributionsdeterminedbytheirphysicalsetting,andhistoricalandcurrentdisturbanceregimes.However,duetointensifyingforestutilisation,andincertainareasduetoincreasingnaturaldisturbances,borealforestage-classstructureshavechangedrapidly,sothattheproportionofoldforesthassubstantiallydeclined,whilethatofyoungpost-harvestandpost-natural-disturbanceforestproportionshaveincreased.Inthefuture,withawarmingclimateincertainborealregions,thistrendmayfurtherbeenhancedduetoanincreaseinnaturaldisturbancesandlarge-scaleuseofforestbiomasstoreplacefossil-basedfuelsandproducts.Themajordriversofchangeofforestageclassdistributionsandstructuresincludetheuseofclearcutshortrotationharvesting,morefrequentandseverenaturaldisturbancesduetoclimatewarmingincertainregions.Thedeclineinoldforestarea,andincreaseinmanagedyoungforestlackingnaturalpost-disturbancestructurallegacies,representamajortransformationintheecologicalconditionsoftheborealforestbeyondhistoricallimitsofvariability.Thismayintroduceathreattobiodiversity,ecosystemresilienceandlong-termadaptivecapacityoftheforestecosystem.Tosafeguardborealforestbiodiversityandecosystemfunctioning,andtomaintainthemultipleservicesprovidedtosocietiesbythisforestbiome,itispivotaltomaintainanadequateshareandtheecologicalqualitiesofyoungpost?disturbancestages,alongwithmatureforeststageswithold-growthcharacteristics.Thisrequiresmanagementfornaturalpost-disturbancelegacystructures,andinnovativeuseofdiverseuneven-agedandcontinuouscovermanagementapproachestomaintaincriticallate-successionalforeststructuresinlandscapes.

简介：Modernsoftwaresystemsaresubjecttoacontinuousevolutionunderfrequentlyvaryingrequirementsandchangesinsystems＇operationalenvironments.Lehman＇slawofcontinuingchangedemandsforlong-livingandcontinuouslyevolvingsoftwaretoprolongitsproductivelifeandeconomicvaluebyaccommodatingchangesinexistingsoftware.Reusableknowledgeandpracticeshaveproventobesuccessfulforcontinuousdevelopmentandevolutionofthesoftwareeffectivelyandefficiently.However,challengessuchasempiricalacquisitionandsystematicapplicationofthereusableknowledgeandpracticesmustbeaddressedtoenableorenhancesoftwareevolution.Weinvestigatearchitecturechangelogs--mininghistoriesofarchitecture-centricsoftwareevolution--todiscoverchangepatternsthat1）supportreusabilityofarchitecturalchangesand2）enhancetheefficiencyofthearchitectureevolutionprocess.Wemodelarchitecturechangelogsasagraphandapplygraph-basedformalism（i.e.,graphminingtechniques）todiscoversoftwarearchitecturechangepatterns.Wehavedevelopedaprototypethatenablestool-drivenautomationanduserdecisionsupportduringsoftwareevolution.WehaveusedtheISO-IEC-9126modeltoqualitativelyevaluatetheproposedsolution.Theevaluationresultssuggestthattheproposedsolution1）enablesthereusabilityoffrequentarchitecturalchangesand2）enhancestheefficiencyofarchitecture-centricsoftwareevolutionprocess.Theproposedsolutionpromotesresearcheffortstoexploitthehistoryofarchitecturalchangestoempiricallydiscoverknowledgethatcanguidearchitecture-centricsoftwareevolution.

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简介：China’stechnologicaleffortstotackleclimatechangehavelastedformanyyears.Itisnecessarytotesttheeffectoftheseeffortswithquantitativemethod.Tobeexact,whetherandhowChina’slow-carbontechnologyinnovationrespondstoclimatechangeshouldbetested.Basedonthe2004-2015paneldataof30provincesinChina,weusethemethodofESDAanalyzingthespatialcorrelationofChina’slow-carboninnovationtechnology.Furthermore,weusethespatialDurbinmodelempiricallyanalyzingthespatialspillovereffects.Theresultsobtainedareasfollows:first,supplyanddemandofChineselow-carboninnovationhassomedeviationinthespatialdistribution.Thelow-carbontechnologyinnovationasthesupplyfactorshowsthecharacteristicsofexpandingfromtheeasttothewest.InnovationineasternChinahasalwaysbeenthemostactive,butinnovativeactivitiesinthemiddleandwesternChinaaregraduallydecreased.However,carbonemissionshavethecharacteristicsofmovingwestward,implyingthechangeoftechnologydemanddifferentfromtechnologysupply.Second,China’slow-carboninnovationactivelyrespondstothetrendofclimatechange,indicatingChina’stechnologicaleffortshavepaidoff.However,thespatialspillovereffectsarenotsignificant,showingthattheeffortsineachregionofChinastillworkforhimself.Third,environmentalregulationandmarketpullareimportantfactorsforlow-carbontechnologyinnovation.Amongthem,bothsupportingpolicyandinhibitorypolicyhavesignificantimpactonthelocallow-carbontechnologyinnovation,butnosignificantspatialspillovereffects.Itshowsthatenvironmentalpoliciesindifferentregionsarecompetitiveandlackofdemonstrationeffects.Economicgrowthandexportasmarketpullhavehigherlevelofeffectonlow-carbontechnologyinnovationforbothlocalandadjacentareas.Somepolicyimplicationsareproposedbasedontheseresultsfinally.

简介：训练策略的一条河的选择为更低的黄河(LYR)是极其重要的。当前，宽河的训练策略在训练LYR适用。然而，在在黄河盆的水文学过程的显著变化，以及从在黄河盆的社会经济的开发的立即的压力，使如果有可能性改变从到狭窄河的训练的宽河的训练训练策略的河，考虑必要。这研究调查通过数字模拟在LYR上训练策略的不同的河的影响。一一个维(1-D)模型被用来为未来模仿河的过程50年并且一三维(3-D)模型被使用学习典型洪水。学习集中了于河形态学，结果看那在两水分泌物的在场减少趋势和沉积负担是否坚持，在LYR的免职率将进一步减少不管什么策略被使用。特别，狭窄河的训练能达到目的与宽河的训练相比在LYR增加沉积运输能力。如果到来的水和沉积负担恢复到最后世纪的吝啬的水平，主要隧道收缩不管多么不可避免地由于沉积发生为宽河、狭窄河训练。最重要地，这研究证明狭窄河的训练在整个LYR上减少免职数量，但是它几乎不在减轻推迟的河的发展提供很少帮助。相反，狭窄河的训练能在河模式从高度漫步到蜿蜒地流变化的过渡活动范围引起沉积，进一步的变得更坏在那里的驼峰免职。因为关于在在可行工程的黄河盆，和缺乏的水文学过程的未来变化的无常，测量在LYR减轻推迟的河和驼峰免职问题，小心应该在为LYR训练策略的河里关于变化被行使。

简介：这研究评估空间建模过去常估计D慤的危险的multifactorial吗？

简介：为森林生态系统和森林依赖者社区的气候变化危险评价(VA)工具为在社会、自然的系统上使决定和理解成为气候变化的影响是重要的。然而，工具糟糕被协调，为适当地执行管的决策者使它困难。这研究的目的是分析世界范围的VA文学以方法发现代表性的案例研究，工具适用并且它在在森林和森林依赖者社区上执行管是成功的。所有成功的VA研究分析了象重要资助，数据可获得性和技术能力那样的有的普通特征。一个另外的特征是由联合质、量的方法考虑了生态系统和社区的危险的一条综合途径的发展。社区成员和相关股东显著地涉及与改编措施的鉴定得出结论的一个提供参加机会的过程。案例研究也揭示了决策者们怎么需要选择合适的方法和工具承担对危险的有效评价。他们需要认为几是象主题，资源的可获得性，时间和规模那样的VA过程的方面。

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简介：Sincethe1970s,therehavebeenmoreandmoreuncertaintiesinthelivingenvironmentfacedbyenterprises.Today,duetothetrendofeconomicglobalization,Chinaisalsoactivelyinvolvedinthewaveoftheworldeconomytopromoteeconomicdevelopment.Roleoftheleaderisparticularlyimportantandinorganizationalchange,theleader’sstyleandbehaviorcanevendeterminetheresultoforganizationalchange.Butinthedifferentdevelopmentstages,theleadershipstylewillbedifferent.Therefore,thispaperaimstostudythetwoissues,thatis,howtheleadershipstylechangesunderdifferentdevelopmentstagesofcorporatesandwhatthecharacteristicsoftheleaderareinthedifferentstagesoforganizationalchange.Thispaperwillusetheresearchmethodofcasestudy,selectingLenovoandHaiertomakeacomprehensiveanalysis.Italsofillsthevacanciesforacademicresearchontherelationshipamongleadership,organizationalchange,andorganizationalmanagementinChina.

简介：ThedramaticchangesintheArcticclimatesystemduringrecentdecadesareoneofthemostprominentfeaturesofglobalclimatechange.Twomoststrikingandfundamentalcharacteristicsaretheamplifiednear-surfacewarmingataratetwicetheglobalaveragesincethemid20thcentury（e.g.,BlundenandArndt,2012;Huangetal.,2017）,andtherapiddeclineofsea-iceextentatapaceof12.9%（10yr）-landthinningoficethicknessby40%since1979（e.g.,KwokandRothrock,2009;Meieretal.,2012）.Inconjunctionwiththesechanges,thefrequencyofoccurrenceofextremeclimateandweathereventshasostensiblyincreasedacrosstheNorthernHemispheremid-latitudes,includingadversecoldspells,severeheatwaves,destructivefloods,andpersistentdroughts（e.g.,CoumouandRahmstorf,2012）.ThefactthatArcticclimatechangeshavecoincidedwithanincreaseinthefrequencyofoccurrenceofextremeeventshasinspiredbroadinterestinpossiblelinkages--notonlyintheclimatecommunity,butalsothegeneralpublic,mediaagencies,anddecisionmakers--inparticularconsideringtheprojectedfuturecontinuationandaccelerationofArcticwarmingandsea-icedecline（e.g.,ZhangandWalsh,2006;Zhang,2010;Stroeveetal.,2012;WangandOverland,2012）.