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简介:Prestinisthemotorproteinofcochlearouterhaircells(OHCs).ItisabletoperformrapidandreciprocalelectromechanicalconversionthatunderliesOHCelectromotility.Duetotheinadequatesizeofasingleprestinmoleculetoformthe~12nmintramembraneousproteinparticles(IMPs)intheOHClateralmembrane(LM),thepossibilityofprestinoligomerizationhasbeenproposed.Ithasbeensuggestedthatprestinmoleculesformhighorderoligomers,mostlikelyasthetetramer,inheterologoussystems.InOHCs,however,theoligomericstructureofprestinremainsunclear.Herewecalculatedtheprestin-relatedchargedensityinbothgerbilandguineapigOHCsthroughmeasuringtheirnonlinearcapacitance(NLC)andLMsurfacearea,showingthattheaveragechargedensity(22,608μm-2ingerbils;19,460μm-2inguineapigs)isstatistically4timestheaveragedensityofIMPs(5,686μm-2ingerbils;5,000μm-2inguineapigs).ThissuggeststhateachIMPcontainsfourprestinmoleculesbaseduponthenotionthateachprestintransfersasingleelementarycharge,implyingthatprestinformstetramersinOHCs.Todeterminewhethertheprestintetramerfunctionsasamechanicalunit,wesubsequentlycomparedtheslopefactors(α)ofelectromotilityandNLCsimultaneouslymeasuredfromthesameOHC,showingthattheαvaluesofthetwoarestatisticallythesame.ThissuggeststhateachprestinmoleculeinthetetramerismechanicallyindependentandequallycontributestoOHCelectromotility.
简介:Basedontheequilibriumtidetheoryoftheseawater,amodeloflongperiodvariationsinairpressurewiththelunarmotionisderivedtoadvancetheclimatictideconceptandformulatetheclimatictideformula,whichprovidesusefulleadsforpredictingtheheavymeteorologicalcatastropheinShandongarea,eveninChina,aswellasinthewholeworld.
简介:Therearesomebasicproblemsinprevioustheoreticalstudiesofbaroclinicinstability.Thederivedcriticalbaroclinitywasconsiderablylowerthanthetimeaveragedmeanmeridionaltemperaturegradient,especiallyinthelowertroposphere.Also,thelinearmechanismofbaroclinicdisturbancedevelopmentwhichisnotedrestrictedbythecriticalbaroclinitywasnotstudiedsufficiently.Therealisticcriticalbaroclinityanddisturbancedevelopmentarediscussedinthisstudy.Itwillbeshownthatthecriticalconditionofinstabilityandtypicaltimeandspacescalesofdisturbancesde-pendonthree-dimensionalstructuresofatmosphereandsphericityoftheearth,otherthanthehorizontaltemperaturegradientalone.Thevariantbehaviourofatmosphericdisturbancesdependshighlyontheirspecificscalesthatmaybedescribedbythesametheoreticalmodel.Thus,therewouldbenosubstantialdifferencesinthebasicinstabilitymecha-nismofmanydisturbancesincludingthepolarlowsandexplosivecyclones.
简介:The3-Dspiralstructureresultingfromthebalancebetweenthepressuregradientforce,Coriolisforce,andviscousforceisacommonatmosphericmotionpattern.Ifthenonlinearadvectivetermsareconsidered,thistypicalpatterncanbebifurcated.Itisshownthatthesurfacelowpressurewithconvergentcyclonicvorticityandsurfacehighpressurewithdivergentanticyclonicvorticityareallstableundercertainconditions.Theanomalousstructurewithconvergentanticyclonicvorticityisalwaysunstable.Buttheanomalousweakhighpressurestructurewithconvergentcyclonicvorticitycanexist,andthisdenotesthecyclone'sdyingout.
简介:TheatmosphericmercurypollutioninBeijingisaseriousproblem.Atmosphericmercuryhasthreesources:naturalemission,anthropogenicemissionandpreviouslydepositedmercuryreemissionorrecycling,composingelementalmercury,divalentmercuryandparticulate-phasemercury.ManystudiesshowedthatmercuryinBeijing'sairwashigherthanthegenerallevelofmercuryconcentrationintheatmosphere.Mercuryemissionsourceswerediscussed.Industrialemissions,coalburning,vehicleexhaustemissionsandwasteincinerationwerethoughttobethemainsourcesofatmosphericmercurypollutioninBeijing.AndalsometeorologyhasaneffectonatmosphericmercuryconcentrationinBeijing.Measureshavebeentakentocontroltheemissionofmercuryintotheairinrecentyears.
简介:Problemsofinstabilityofrotatingatmosphericmotionsareinvestigatedbyusingnonlineargoverningequationsandthevariationalprinciple.Themethodsuggestedinthispaperisuniversalforobtainingcriteriaofinstabilityinallmodelswithallpossiblebasicflows.Forexample,themodelcanbebarotropicorbaroclinic,layerorcontinuous,quasi-geostrophicorprimitiveequations;thebasicflowcanbezonalornonzonal,steadyorunsteady.Althoughthebasicflowspossessagreatdealofvariety,theyallarethestationarypointsinthefunctionalspacedeterminedbyanappropriateinvariantfunctional.Thebasicflowisanunsteadyoneiftheconservationofangularmomentumisincludedintheassociatedfunctional.Thesecondvariation,linearornonlinear,givesthecriteriaofinstability.Especially,thegeneralcriteriaofinstabilityforunsteadybasicflow,orographicallydisturbedflowaswellasnongeostrophicflowarefirstobtainedbythemethoddescribedinthispaper.Itisalsosh
简介:TheassociationbetweenthelunarphasesandtheatmosphericelectricfieldhasbeeninvestigatedfromthesuperposedepochanalysisofthelongseriesofcontinuousdataoftheverticalelectricfieldforColaba,Bombay(18°53’N,73°48’E11mASL)fortheperiod1947-1966.Alsotheperiodicitiesintheatmosphericelectricfieldhavebeenstudiedfromthespectralanalysisofthedata.Thestudyhasindicatedthatwhenthefullmooniswithin4oftheeclipticplanei.e.,Bf4°,theelectricfieldpeaksonthedayofthefullmoonfollowedbyasteepfallinthefieldvaluesupto4daysfollowingthefullmoondayandthereafteritshowedasteepincrease.Also,theelectricfieldhasexhibited5-9dayperiodicityanditsmultiplesarenearlyalwayspresent.Theperiodicityintheelectricfieldcorrespondswiththeaveragetimeintervalbetweenthesuccessivemagneticsectorboundary(MSB)crossingsi.e.,7days.Onmostoftheoccasions,theMSBcrossingdayisassociatedwithamaximumof