简介：JuvenilesofOreochromismossambicuswithinitialwetweightsof0.0382±0.0859gandinitialtotallengthsof0.735±1.425cmweretestedfortheirsalinitytolerance.Thejuvenilesweresubjectedtofivesalinitylevelsforaperiodofseventy-fivedays.Thesesalinitylevelscorrespondtothesalinitiesfoundalongthecreekandinestuarineregions.Eachsetofexperimentswasconductedatafifteendayintervals.Theweight,lengthandsurvivalratewerecalculated.Nomortalitywasobservedatsalinitylevels0,5,10and15,whilethejuvenilesfacedslightmortalityat20inthesameenvironmentalconditions,includingthediet.Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinspecificgrowthrateatallsalinitylevels.ThejuvenilesofO.mossambicuscouldsurviveupto20salinity.Theseresultssuggestthatthisspeciescangrowandbeexploitedcommerciallyinbrackishwaters,riversandestuarineregions.

简介：Inordertoelucidatetheroleofantioxidantresponsesinsalinitytoleranceinricegenotypesundersaltstress,experimentswereconductedusingfourricevarieties,includingsalt-sensitiveBRRIdhan28andthreesalt-tolerantvarietiesBRRIdhan47,BINAdhan8andBINAdhan10.Thirty-day-oldriceseedlingsweretransplantedintopots.Attheactivetilleringstage(35daftertransplanting),plantswereexposedtodifferentsalinitylevels(0,20,40and60mmol/LNaCl).Saltstresscausedasignificantreductioningrowthforallthericegenotypes.Growthreductionwashigherinthesalt-sensitivegenotypethaninthesalt-tolerantones,andBINAdhan10showedhighersalttoleranceinallmeasuredphysiologicalparameters.ThereductioninshootandrootbiomasswasfoundtobeminimalinBINAdhan10.ChlorophyllcontentsignificantlydecreasedundersaltstressexceptforBINAdhan10.Prolinecontentsignificantlyincreasedinsalt-tolerantricegenotypeswithincreasedsaltconcentration,andthehighestprolinecontentwasobtainedfromBINAdhan10undersaltstress.Catalaseandascorbateperoxidaseactivitiessignificantlydecreasedinsalt-sensitivegenotypewhereassignificantlyincreasedinsalt-tolerantoneswithincreasingsaltconcentration.However,saltstresssignificantlydecreasedguaiacolperoxidaseactivityinallthericegenotypesirrespectiveofsalttolerance.K+/Na+ratioalsosignificantlydecreasedinshootsandrootsofallthericegenotypes.Thesalt-tolerantgenotypeBINAdhan10maintainedhigherlevelsofchlorophyllandprolinecontentsaswellascatalaseandascorbateperoxidaseactivitiesundersaltstress,thus,thismightbetheunderlyingmechanismforsalttolerance.

简介：Predictingpotentialchangesingroundwatersalinityinlow-lyingcoastalregionsduetoclimatechangeisimportant,wherecoastalvegetationisabundant,successioncompetitionbetweenhalophytesandglycophytesplaysasignificantroleinthesalinitybudget.Sealevelriseenhancessalinityintrusion,contributinganadditionaldimensiontovegetationcompetition.Anewsimulationmodelknownasmangrove-hardwoodhammockmodelcoupledwithsaturated-unsaturatedtransport(MANTRA)hasrecentlybeendevelopedbytheauthorstosimulategroundwatersalinityregimesinthepresenceofvegetationcompetition,subjecttoclimatechange.MANTRAisbaseduponlinkingtwoexistingUnitesStatesgeologicalsurvey(USGS)simulationmodelsknownasmangrove-hardwoodhammockmodel(MANHAM)andsaturated-unsaturatedtransport(SUTRA).MANHAMsimulatestheevolutionofvegetationsuccessionsubjecttochanginggroundwatersalinity.SUTRAsimulatessaturatedandunsaturatedtransportofsolutesandsalinityingroundwatergivenseasalinity.MANTRAimprovesthesimulationrobustnesstosimultaneouslysimulategroundwaterhydrology,salinityandcoastalvegetationsuccessionsubjecttosealevelrise.Somesimulationresultswillbepresentedtodemonstratetheimpactofsealevelriseoncoastalvegetationsuccessionandgroundwatersalinity.

简介：SomefarmlandsoilsinShanghaihadhighsalinitylevels,suggestingsecondarysalinizationofthesoils.ThesoilproblemsinShanghaiwerestudied,includingthesalinityandnitratenitrogen(NO-3-N)concentrations,heavymetalpollutioncharacteristics,andorganochlorinepesticide(OCP)residuallevelsandpolycyclicaromatichydrocarbon(PAH)contents.AccumulationofNO-3-Ninvegetablesoilswasthemostsignificantamongdifferentfunctionalsoils.Heavymetalpollutionwassignificantinthesamplescollectedfromthesewage-irrigatedlandandroadside.TheidentificationofthemetalsourcesthroughmultivariatestatisticalanalysisindicatedthatPb,Zn,CuandCrinurbansoilswerefromthetrafficpollutants;excessiveapplicationoffertilizerandirrigationwerethemainreasonsforthemetalpollutioninagriculturalsoils;Niintheobservedsoilswascontrolledbyparentsoils.OCPscouldstillbedetectedinfarmlandsoilsbutdegradedgreatlyinlast20yearsafterprohibitionoftheirusage.PAHswith2-3ringswerethemaincomponentsinindustrialsoils.TheconcentratedPAHsintheinvestigatedsoilswerelikelyfrompetroleumandcoalcombustion.

简介：Basedontheone-dimensionalsalinitytransportequationwithconstantdiffusioncoefficient,andseparatedwaterflowvelocityintorunoffandtidalcurrentwiththesingle-frequencyinanidealizedestuary,thesimplestunsteadyanalyticalsolutionofsalinityintrusionisdeducedandtheestimationformulaofdiffusioncoefficientisobtainedinthispaper.Theunsteadysolutionindicatesthatsalinityprocessinestuariesresultsfromtheinteractionofrunoffandtidalcurrent,anditsamplitudeisindirectproportiontotheproductofthevelocityofrunoffwaterandtheamplitudeoftidalflowvelocityandininverseproportiontothediffusioncoefficientandthetidalangularfrequency,anditsphaselagtidalflowwithπ/2whichrevealsthebasicfeaturesofthemaximumsalinityappearingafterfloodslackandtheminimumsalinityappearingbeforeebbslackundertheeffectofrunoff(theadvanceorlagtimeisrelativetothemagnitudeofrunoffandtidalflow).Accordingtothemeasuredflowvelocityandsalinitydata,thesalinitydiffusioncoefficientcouldbeestimated.Finally,withthefielddataofobservingsitesonthedeepwaternavigationchanneloftheYangtzeEstuary,thediffusioncoefficientiscalculatedandacomparativeanalysisofsimulatedandmeasuredofsalinityprocessismade.Theresultsshowthatthesolutioncancomprehensivelyreflectsthebasiccharacteristicsandprocessesofsalinityintrusionundertheinteractionofrunoffandtidalflowinestuaries.Thesolutionisnotonlysuitablefortheoreticalresearch,butalsoconvenientforestimatingreasonablephysicalparametersandgivingtheinitialconditioninthesalinityintrusionnumericalsimulation.

简介：Rice(Oryzasativa)issensitivetosalinity,butthesalttoleranceleveldiffersamongcultivars,whichmightresultfromnaturalvariationsinthegenesthatareresponsibleforsalttolerance.High-affinitypotassiumtransporter(HKTs)hasbeenproventobeinvolvedinsalttoleranceinplants.Therefore,wescreenedfornaturalnucleotidepolymorphisminthecodingsequenceofOsHKT1,whichencodestheHKTproteinineightVietnamesericecultivarsdifferinginsalttolerancelevel.Intotal,sevennucleotidesubstitutionsincodingsequenceofOsHKT1werefound,includingtwonon-synonymousandfivesynonymoussubstitutions.Furtheranalysisrevealedthatthesetwonon-synonymousnucleotidesubstitutions(G50TandT1209A)causedchangesinaminoacids(Gly17ValandAsp403Glu)atsignalpeptideandtheloopofthesixthtransmembranedomain,respectively.Toassessthepotentialeffectofthesesubstitutionsontheproteinfunction,the3DstructureofHKTproteinvariantswasmodelledbyusingPHYRE2webserver.Theresultsshowedthatnodifferencewasobservedwhencomparedthosepredicted3DstructureofHKTproteinvariantswitheachother.Inaddition,thecodonbiasofsynonymoussubstitutionscannotclearlyshowcorrelationwithsalttolerancelevel.Itmightbeinterestingtofurtherinvestigatethefunctionalrolesofdetectednon-synonymoussubstitutionsasitmightcorrelatetosalttoleranceinrice.

简介：Thedistributionalfeaturesofseasurfacetemperatureandsalinity(SSTandSSS)intheTaiwanStraitshavebeenanalyzedusingtheSSTandSSSunderwaymeasurementsinAugust,1999.ThecharacteristicsofSSTandSSSaresummarizedasfollows:ThereareseveralupwellingsanddilutedwaterintheTaiwanStraits.Theupwellingsaredividedintotwokinds:thosealongthewesterncoastoftheTaiwanStraitsandthosearoundtheTaiwanShoal.Therearethreesourcesofdilutedwater:dilutedwateroftheJiulongjiangRiver,dilutedwateroftheZhujiangRiveranddilutedwateroftheMinjiangRiver.

简介：盖住春天小潮的地调查潮汐的时期被进行在南部的Hangzhou海湾在一条弄弯的隧道以内调查潮汐的动力学的特征，中国。隧道与2.5m的一个平均潮汐的范围有超过100m的最大的深度，用作在Hangzhou海湾的南部的部分的主要潮汐的经过。水咸度，温度和速度数据从基于轮船的横断和系在的大小被收集。在洪水潮期间，潮汐的水流与大约2m/s的最大的速度通过隧道的北方面侵入进Hangzhou海湾，当时通过南部的方面撤退在期间退有1.8m/s的最大的速度的潮。由于压力，密度坡度，Coriolis力量和离心的效果，当潮汐的水流从洪水放松退，侧面的交换流动被产生。在隧道的水微弱地在夏天时间在春天和小潮潮期间被成层的咸度和温度数据表演。然而，在中间的区域混合将被侧面的发行量提高。系在的数据显示温度和咸度在类似于潮汐的电流却比海水平摆动高的频率正在变化。我们的结果支持高频率咸度和温度变化能被潮汐的水流和侧面的交换流动的联合产生的假设。

简介：TheintegratedeffectofirrigationandagriculturalpracticesonsoilsalinityintheJordanValley(JV),whereover60%ofJordan'sagriculturalproduceisgrown,wasinvestigatedinthisstudyduring2009-2010.Duetothedifferencesinagriculturaloperations,croppingpatterns,irrigationmanagement,andweatherconditions,206top-andsub-soilsamplesweretakenevery1to3kmfromrepresentativefarmsalonganorth-south(N-S)transectwith1to2kmlateralextents.Soilelectricalconductivityofsaturatedextract(EC_(se)),Ca,Mg,K,Na,Cl,andNaadsorptionratio(SAR)weredeterminedinsaturatedpasteextracts.Resultsindicatedthatabout63%ofsoilsintheJVareindeedsaline,outofwhichalmost46%aremoderatelytostronglysaline.AlongtheN-StransectoftheJV,EC_(se)increasedfrom4.5to14.1dSm~(-1)intop-soilsamples.Similarincreasewasobservedforthesub-soilsamples.Themajorchemicalcomponentsofsoilsalinity;i.e.,Ca,Mg,andCl,alsoshowedasimilarincreasealongtheN-Stransectofthevalley.Moreover,comparedtopreviousfieldsampling,resultsshowedthatchangesinsoilsalinityintheJVweredramatic.Inaddition,itwasfoundthatClimposedanexistingandpotentialthreattosensitivecropsin60%ofthesoilsintheJV,whereClconcentrationsweregreaterthan710mgL~(-1).UndertheprevalentaridMediterraneanconditions,improvingthemanagementofirrigationwater,crops,andnutrientinputsandincreasingwaterandfertilizeruseefficienciesshouldbeindispensabletoconserveandsustainthealreadyfragileagriculturalsoilsintheJV.

简介：

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简介：Densitystratifiedflowwithboththeverticaltemperaturegradientandtheverti-calsalinitygradientissimulatednumerically,inwhichturbulenttermsarecalculatedbyasim-plifiedturbulencestress/fluxalgebraicmodel.Thefeatureofstratificationandturbulenceisde-scribedcorrectlybythemodel.Thecomputationalresultsagreewellwiththeexperimentaldata.However,thek-eturbulencemodelisnotsosuccessful.

简介：ExperimentswereconductedtoexaminetheeffectsofsalinityfluctuationontheintermoltperiodandgrowthofFenneropenaeuschinensiswithaninitialbodyweightof(0.5532±0.0001)g(meanplusorminusSE).Thesalinity(S0)ofthecontroltreatmentis30throughouttheexperiment,whilethetreatmentsS2,S4,S7andS10aresubjectedtodifferentsalinityfluctuations,andtherangesare2,4,7and10,respectively.Aftera30-dayfeedingtrial,thelongestandtheshortestintermoltperiodsoftheshrimpoccurunderTreatmentsS10andS2,respectively(difference37.14%).Thespecialgrowthrates(SGR)oftheshrimpunderthefivetreatmentsarerankedasS7＞S4＞S2＞S10＞S0,andtheSGRoftheshrimpunderTreatmentS0islowerthanthatunderTreatmentsS4andS7by22.36%and28.11%,respectively(P＜0.05).Theminimalfeedintake(FI)oftheexperimentalanimalsoccursinTreatmentS0(84.04%and88.54%ofthatunderTreatmentsS4andS7,respectively)(P＜0.05).Therearenosignificantdifferencesinthefoodconversionefficiency(FCE)oftheshrimpunderthefivetreatments(P＞0.05).

简介：Exogenousapplicationofspermidine（Spd）hasbeenreportedtomodulatephysiologicalprocessesandalleviatesalt-induceddamagetogrowthandproductivityofseveralplantsincludingrice.Employingaproteomicapproach,weaimedatidentifyingriceleafandgrainproteinsdifferentiallyexpressingundersaltstress,andinresponsetoSpdpriortoNaCltreatment.Atotalof9and20differentiallyexpressedproteinspotswereidentifiedintheleavesofsalt-tolerant（Pokkali）andsaltsensitive（KDML105）ricecultivars,respectively.Differentialproteinscommontobothcultivarsincludedaphotosyntheticlightreactionprotein（oxygen-evolvingcomplexprotein1）,enzymesofCalvincycleandglycolysis（fructose-bisphosphatealdolaseandtriose-phosphateisomerase）,malatedehydrogenase,superoxidedismutaseandahypotheticalprotein（OsI18213）.MostproteinswerepresentathigherintensitiesinPokkalileaves.Thephotosyntheticoxygen-evolvingenhancerprotein2wasdetectedonlyinPokkaliandwasup-regulatedbysalt-stressandfurtherenhancedbySpdtreatment.AllthreespotsidentifiedassuperoxidedismutaseinKDML105wereup-regulatedbyNaClbutdown-regulatedwhentreatedwithSpdpriortoNaCl,indicatingthatSpdacteddirectlyasantioxidants.Importantdifferentialstressproteinsdetectedinmaturegrainsofbothricecultivarswerelateembryogenesisabundantproteinswithprotectiverolesandanantioxidantprotein,1-Cys-peroxiredoxin.HighersalttoleranceofPokkalipartlyresultedfromhigherintensitiesandmoreresponsivenessoftheproteinsrelatingtophotosynthesislightreactions,energymetabolism,antioxidantenzymesintheleaves,andstressproteinswithprotectiverolesinthegrains.

简介：海水咸度被潮，蒸发和雨下降极大地影响。在这研究，我们调查了生长和对的导出接合子的UlvafasciataDelilegermlings的光合的回答短期(分钟)并且延长(天)暴露到不同咸度坡度，在这棵海草在生活历史的早阶段上评估咸度变化的效果。结果显示出那，最大的网U的光合的率(NPRm)。fasciatagermlings显著地被减少在脱盐(25和15)并且在短期的暴露测试的高度(45)咸度海水(在分钟)。在30min以后，然而，在中等咸度(25)的光合作用活动在相对高水平被维持(超过70%)。在8d延长了文化以后，光合作用和germlings的吝啬的相对生长率(RGR)都显著地被降低，而malondialdehyde(MDA)内容作为从34～15脱盐的咸度增加了。从34～25的咸度减少没在RGR上有重要效果，但是显然影响了germlings的形态学。高咸度水平(45)显著地压抑U的RGR和光合作用。fasciatagermlings，当它显著地增加了MDA内容时。结果比咸度减少证明咸度举起在Ulvafasciatagermlings上有更有害的效果。在咸度海水种的germlings从25～34铺平，在暂时、延长的文化两个都执行了更好的光合的环境适应。在U的从25～34的宽广咸度忍耐。fasciatagermlings可能部分作为对的回答演变常规日报潮。

简介：在这份报纸，海洋的interannual变化在热带太平洋上的动态高度从南船座侧面用三维的温度和咸度地被诊断，与interannually在ElNi上改变咸度的效果的一个焦点?o南部的摆动(ENSO)进化。诊断分析清楚地表明咸度地在modulating起的一个重要、大的作用海表面在西方的热带太平洋的动态高度(SSDH)。特别地，到在SSDH的interannual变化的interannually变化的咸度的贡献近似等于到interannually变化的温度的。在西方的赤道的太平洋上，咸度可变性为在在反对的SSDH异例的30%～40%减小负责，提供重要贡献给modulating热在SSDH异例积聚热带太平洋的seasonal-to-interannual进化并且影响发展ENSO事件。

简介：为有机化合物的大数量和在Changjiang河口的咸度的变化，由在高度混浊的系统的咸度和腐植质的联合效果的有细密纹理的沉积的絮凝过程上的学习具有为混浊最大值(TM)的形成的机制的理解的批评意义。为有机化合物的大数量和在Changjiang河口的咸度的变化，由在thehigh混浊的系统的咸度和腐植质的联合效果的有细密纹理的沉积的絮凝进程上的学习具有为混浊最大值(TM)的形成的机制的理解的批评意义。fine-grainedsediments上的咸度和腐植质的效果通过flocculation/coagulationpower(F)，直径(D)和动电位(Z)的方面的合成学习被分析了。并且絮凝物过时的人或物的小宇宙的配置由使用一台扫描电子显微镜和Fourier变换InfraredSpectrometry分析了。Theresults表演那；(1)随咸度，F和D的增加变得更大并且Z变得更小，并且随腐植质的集中的增加，F变得更小，但是D和Z变得更大；(2)絮凝的小宇宙的配置证明在盐形式的好沉积上的腐植质包装，和絮凝C当模特儿-P-OM(C代表泥土；P阳离子；OMorganic材料)能成功地在Changjiang河口的高度混浊的区域表明有细密纹理的沉积的形成的机制。

简介：ThedistributionalfeaturesoftemperatureandsalinityinthenorthernTaiwanStraitshavebeenanalyzedbasedontheCTDdataduringFebruary-March,1998.Thecharacteristicsoftemperatureandsalinityaresummarizedasfollows:(1)thereexistsacoastalwateralongthewesterncoastoftheTaiwanStraits,withlowtemperatureandlowsalinityattheupperlayer;(2)ahightemperatureandhighsalinitywatertongueextendsnortheastwardalongtheeasterncoastoftheTaiwanStrait.

简介：ThisstudyexaminedtheeffectofsalinityontheexpressionofNa+/K+-ATPase(NKA)α-subunitandvacuolar-typeH+-ATPase(V-ATPase)β-subunitgeneinthegillofLitopenaeusvannamei.Semi-quantitativereversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)assayshowedthattheexpressionofNKAα-subunitandV-ATPaseβ-subunitgenewassignificantlyinfluencedbysalinity.ItwasfoundthattheNKAactivitysignificantlyvariedwithsalinityintimeanddosedependentmanner;whereastheV-ATPaseactivitydidnot.TheabundanceofNKAα-subunitgenetranscriptincreasedrapidlywhenthesalinitydecreasedfrom26bto21,andslowlywhenthesalinitydecreasedfrom26to31withinthefirst24h.Whenthesalinitydecreasedfrom26to21,thetranscriptionofNKAα-subunitgeneingillepitheliumwashigherat12hthanthatat0h,whichwasconsistentwiththeresultofimmunoblottingassayofNKAα-subunit.Inaddition,salinityhadasignificanttime-anddose-dependenteffectontheconcentrationofbiogenicaminesinbothhemolymphandgill.Ascomparedtootherparameters,theconcentrationofdopamine(DA)and5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT)variedindifferentpatternswhenthesalinitydecreasedfrom26to21orincreasedfrom26to31,suggestingthatDAand5-HTplayeddifferentregulatoryrolesinosmoticadaptionandmodulationofshrimpwhensalinityvaries.

简介：<正>Salinityisanimportantfactorcontrollingthemicrobialdistributioninlakes.Howeverlittleisknownabouthowmicrobialcommunitiesevolveinresponsetosalinityvariation.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthemicrobial