简介：这个领域里的快速的发展在过去的十年眼用光技术为癌症诊断表明一个潜力。这评论加亮使用光技术的原则和优点，并且在临床的使用在肿瘤诊断和他们的限制集中于他们的申请。这些光技术是快速的方法，它能从常规方法提供很多不同信息，当时，它仍然要求临床的试用学习为临床的癌症开发并且保证这些光技术的适用性诊断。

简介：AbstractImportance:The diversity of pediatric genitourinary malignancies requires a timely resource detailing tumor characteristics and survival.Objective:To determine the incidence, demographics, and outcomes of all pediatric genitourinary tumors within the United States.Methods:A population-based search for patients diagnosed with genitourinary cancers under age 15 was performed using the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registry. Information on primary tumor location, histologic type, patient age, sex, year of diagnosis, race, treatment, cause of death, and survival months was extracted. Descriptive epidemiological and survival statistics were calculated for all variables.Results:A total of 4576 cases from 1973 through 2015 were identified. The most common primary tumor sites were the kidney (80.3%), testis (12.3%), bladder (2.8%), and vagina (1.5%). Nephroblastoma (87.9%) and sarcoma (3.4%) were the most common renal malignancies. Rhabdomyosarcoma was common in the vagina, bladder, and testis at rates of 66.2%, 61.2%, and 24.6%, respectively. Germ cell tumors (71.0%) were the most common primary tumor of the testis. Ten-year overall survival (OS) for renal nephroblastoma and sarcoma was 88% and 82%, respectively. Ten-year OS for RMS of the testis was 91%, the bladder was 79%, the vagina was 79%, and the prostate was 56%. Germ cell tumor 10-year OS were 96% in the testis and 100% in the vagina.Interpretation:A better understanding of the overall distribution and outcomes associated with pediatric genitourinary cancers allows physicians to best understand the patient’s disease in the context of current frequency in a genitourinary setting and reported outcomes.

简介：

简介：背景：测试的HIV-1genotypic和phenotypic危险性(通用终端)优化antiretroviral选择，但是它幸存上的效果是未知的。客观：评估在通用终端和幸存之间的协会。设计：队学习。设定：10个美国HIV诊所。病人：为通过2005从1999看见的通用终端(血浆HIVRNA水平>1000copies/mL)合格的2699个感染HIV的病人。大小：人口统计的特征，临床的因素，通用终端使用，所有原因死亡，和为有幸存的通用终端的协会的粗略、调整的危险比率(HR)。结果：病人们被跟随为一3.3年中部；(34%)915有通用终端。把通用终端有的病人比那些降低死亡率(2.0对2.7死亡每100人年)。在标准考克斯模型，通用终端与改进幸存被联系(调整HR，0.69[95%CI，0.51～0.94]；P=0.017)在为临床的后续的人口统计的特征，CD4⁺房间计数，HIVRNA水平，和紧张控制以后。在亚群分析，通用终端与改进幸存被联系因为2107高度活跃的antiretroviral治疗(HAART)经历了病人(2.2对3.2死亡每为有没有通用终端的通用终端对那些的病人的100人年；调整HR，0.60[CI，0.43～0.82]；P=0.002)并且为921个三倍的antiretroviral班富有经验病人(2.1对3.1死亡每100人年；调整HR，0.61[CI0.40到0.93]；P=0.022)。边缘的结构的模型支持了在通用终端之间的协会并且在全面的队改进了幸存(调整HR，0.54；P=0.001)并且在HAART富有经验的组(调整HR，0.56；P=0.003)。限制：通用终端的使用没被使随机化。剩余惊讶可以存在。结论：通用终端的使用独立地在HAART富有经验的病人之中与改进幸存被联系。

简介：Gastrointestinalstromaltumors(GISTs)occurmostfrequentlyinthestomach.DiagnosisofgastricGISTisnotalwaysclearbeforesurgery.Flexibleendoscopymaysuggestthenatureofthelesion(abulkytumorwithpreservedmucosa);however,biopsyisrarelydiagnostic.Therefore,diagnosticmedicationwithsafedrugsmayprovideafeasiblewayundersuchconditionsafteraninformedconsentisobtained.Basedontheexcellentefficacyofimatinibmesylate(IM)inthetreatmentofGIST,wesuccessfullyapplieditinthediagnosticmedicationoftwopatientswithclinicallysuspectedgastricstromaltumors.Inconclusion,thediagnosticmedicationwithIMcanbeanalternativeoptionforpatientswithsuspectedGISTthatcannotbeconfirmedpathologically.

简介：ObjectivesConventionalapproachesforremovaloflateralskullbasetumors,includingtransmandibular,infratemporalfossa,preauriculartranszygmaticsubtemporalapproaches,aremajorinvasiveproceduresthatoftensacrificehearingandcauseabnormalocclusionandcosmeticdefects.Reportsofthetranscervicalapproachforresectionofskullbasetumorsarerare,althoughitwasdescribedforresectionofclivalchordomasinasearlyas1966.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoreviewourexperiencesinmanagementoflateralskullbasetumorsusingthetranscervicalapproach.StudyDesignRetrospectivechartreview.MethodsSixlateralskullbasetumorcasestreatedwithtranscervicalapproachprocedureswerereviewed,includingthemedicalrecords.ResultsTherewere4malesand2females.Agerangedfrom12through52years.Histopathologicaldiagnosesincludedmalignantschwannoma(n=1),malignantcarotidbodytumor(n=1),heamangioma(n=1),schwannoma(n=2)andpleomorphicadenoma(n=1).Transcervicaltechniqueswereusedinallcaseswiththeuseofmicroscopeinthelateralskullbasearea.Completetumorremovalwasachievedinallcases.Postoperativeradiotherapywasimplementedin1caseofmalignantschwannomaand1caseofmalignantcarotidbodytumor.Jugularforamensyndromeoccurredasasurgicalcomplicationin1caseofmalignantSchwannomaofthevagusnerve.Therewasnotumorrecurrenceduringthe10-42monthfollow-upperiod.ConclusionComparedwithconventionalapproaches,thetranscervicalapproachprovidesaeasy,safe,minimalinvasiveandeffectiveprocedureforremovalofselectedlateralskullbasetumors.

简介：Despiterecentprogressinourunderstandingofcancerbiologyandinmanyareasofcancertreatment,thesuccessrateforcancertherapyremainsdismal.Immunotherapyforcancerhaslongbeenanexcitingfieldformanycancerresearchersduetothepossibilitytomobilizethebody'sownimmunesystemtoeradicatecancernotonlylocallybutalsosystemically.Sinceitsinitialdiscovery,cytokine-basedimmunotherapyhasbeenvigorouslyandextensivelyinvestigatedforcancertreatmentduetotheperceptionofitasarelativelyeasilypurifiable,injectableformofcancertreatmentagent.However,sofarmostcytokine-basedtherapytrialshavefallenshortofexpectations.Oneofmainobstaclesisthedifficultytoachievetherapeuticallyrelevantdosageinpatientswithoutgeneratingexcessivenormaltissuetoxicity.Theemergenceofnovelgenetherapyapproachtodelivertherapeuticcytokinetotumorslocallygeneratedgreatexcitementsinceithasthepotentialofgeneratingsustainedhighlocalconcentrationofimmunostimulatorycytokinewithoutraisingthesystemiclevelsofthecytokines,whichisresponsibleformostoftheobservedtoxicity.Inthisreview,wewillattempttoprovideanoverviewofthefieldanddiscusssomeoftheproblemsassociatedwithcytokine-basedimmuno-genetherapyandpotentialsolutions.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2005;2(2):81-91.

简介：Theperitonealstromaltissuewhichprovidesarichsourceofgrowthfactorsandchemokinesisafavorableenvironmentfortumorproliferation.Thepathophysiologicalmechanismofperitonealcarcinomatosisisanindividualsequenceconsistingofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsandremainscontroversial.Thenaturalhistoryofthediseaserevealsapoormedianprognosisofapproximately6mo;howeveraggressivesurgeryandmultimodaltreatmentoptionscanimproveoncologicoutcomes.Consideringperitonealcarcinomatosisasthoughitisalocoregionaldiseasebutnotametastaticprocess,cytoreductivesurgeryandandintraperitonealchemotherapyhasbeenacurativeoptionduringrecentyears.Cytoreductivesurgeryimpliesaseriesofvisceralresectionsandperitonectomyprocedures.Althoughtheaimofcytoreductivesurgeryistoeliminateallmacroscopicdisease,viabletumorcellsmayremainintheperitonealcavity.Atthatpoint,intraperitonealchemotherapycanextendthemacroscopicdiseaseeliminationtomicroscopicdiseaseelimination.Thesuccessfultreatmentofperitonealcarcinomatosisrequiresacomprehensivemanagementplanincludingproperpatientselection,completeresectionofallvisibledisease,perioperativeintraperitonealchemotherapyandpostoperativesystemicchemotherapy.Surgicalandoncologicoutcomesarestrictlyassociatedwithextentofthetumor,completenessofcytoreductionandpatientrelatedfactorsaswellasmultidisciplinarymanagementandexperienceofthesurgicalteam.Inthisreview,pathophysiologyandcurrentmanagementofperitonealcarcinomatosisoriginatingfromgastrointestinaltumorsarediscussedaccordingtothelatestliterature.

简介：ObjectiveTostudyclinicalcharacteristicsofendolymphaticsactumor(ELST)anditsdiagnosisandtreatment.MethodsELSTwasdiagnosedin6casesbasedonsurgicalandhistologicalfindings.Thesecaseswerereviewedfortheirclinicalmanifestations,differentialdiagnosisandsurgicaltreatmenttechniques.ResultsTherewere1maleand5femalesinthisgroup,agedfrom28to59years(meanage=38.7years).Thetumorwasinleftearin4casesandinrightearintheother2cases.Diseasecoursesrangedfrom5to30years(meanduration=12.6years).Clinicalpresentationsincludedsensorineuralhearingloss(n=4),otorrheaandtinnitus(n=2),tinnitusandfacialspasm(n=1),otorrheawithfacialparalysis(n=1),andhearinglosswithtinnitus(n=2).NoneofthecaseswasdiagnosedasELSTpreoperatively.Twocasesweremisdiagnosedasglomusjugularetumor,2aschronicsuppurativeotitismedia,1assweatglandadenomaonbiopsyand1astemporalbonetumor.Tumorsweresurgicallyresectedinall6casesviathemastoidectomy(n=2)orcombinedoto-cervicalorcranio-oto-cervicalapproaches(n=4).Postoperativecerebrospinalfluidotorrheaoccurredin1case.Thetumorswereconfirmedonhistologicalexaminationtobealow-gradeadenocarcinoma.Allpatientshavesurvivedatthetimeofthispaper.ConclusionELSTisrareandcommonlymisdiagnosedandinadequatelytreated.Itsprognosisisrelativelyfavorablebecauseofitsslowgrowthrate.

简介：无

简介：AbstractAtypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are lethal central nervous system tumors, which are primarily diagnosed in infants. Current treatments for AT/RTs include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy; these treatments have poor prognoses and challenging side effects. The pivotal genetic event in AT/RT pathogenesis comprises the inactivation of SMARCB1 or SMARCA4. Recent epigenetic studies have demonstrated mutual and subtype-specific epigenetic derangements that drive tumorigenesis; the exploitation of these potential targets might improve the dismal treatment outcomes of AT/RTs. This review aims to summarize the literature concerning targeted molecular therapies for pediatric AT/RTs.

简介：无

简介：无

简介：客观直到最近胃肠的基质肿瘤(大意)与另外的间充质的瘤被分开了；作为一个特殊实体分类。肿瘤房间的形态学；免疫有CD117的组织化学的调查结果在大意的病理学的诊断是关键的。最新发达的药imatinibmesylate(先前叫的STI571)为大意被证明有效。大意的区别；另外的间充质的肿瘤有大临床的意义，特别为位于直肠肛门的损害。作者寻找了北京大学的数据库的方法，为有肛门直肠的瘤的病人的肿瘤学的学校从1995年1月对待到2002年6月。有肛门直肠的间充质的肿瘤的12个病人的信息是镇定的。病人被重新估计；与临床的数据根据电流讨论了大意的标准；免疫组织化学的调查结果。结果六个病人(包括3男性)最后作为肛门直肠的大意被诊断。那些病人的中部的年龄是59.5年(27～69)。症状不是特定的。有平滑肌瘤或平滑肌肉瘤的原来的诊断的三个盒子实际上是大意。六肛门直肠的大意的一个总数被发现作为在一样的时期与肛门直肠的瘤包括大约1.06%病人。除CD117以外，CD34；vimentin也在这些病人的多数被表示。六个病人中的五个经历了其一在切除术前收到了neoadjuvant化疗的外科的切除术。结论肛门直肠的大意应该用当前的诊断标准被看作一个特殊实体。外科的切除术仍然是主要治疗学的策略。Neoadjuvantimatinibmesylate可能在括约肌圆材操作是有用的；为这些病人的生命的质量的改进。

简介：Braintumorsincidenceinpediatricagehasbeenestimatedbetween1.3to5%witharelativeincidenceof1.4to11%duringthefirstyearoflife;theimprovementininstrumentaldeviceshasleadtoarelativeincreaseinprecociousdiag-nosis.Thechoicetostudybraintumorsofthefirstyearoflifeasaseparatetopicfrompediatricageonesdependsontheobservationthatthesele-sionshavepeculiarclinical,topographicandtis-sularcharacteristics.Thesurvivalrateofthesepatientsisverypoorifcomparedwiththatfound

简介：Theconceptsofstemcellsbeingresistanttotherapy,stem-likecellsexistinginbraintumors,andthesetumorsinitiallyrespondingto

简介：

简介：RecentinsituhybridizationstudiesshowedthatmRNAlevelsofOLIGlandOLIG2transcriptionfactorsareelevatedinoligodendrogliomas.Weraisedpolyclonalantibodiesagainstasyntheticpeptidehomologoustothehumantran-scriptionfactorOliglandstudiedbyimmunohistochemistrytheexpressionofOliglin84braintumorsandinnon-neoplasticbraintissues.Alloligodendrogliomas,oligoastrocytomas,anddysembryoplasticneuroepithelialtumorsshowedmoderatetostrongintranuclearimmunoreactivityincellsmorphologicallyidentifiedasoligodendrocytes.In

简介：Flowcytometryandimageanalysistechniquewereusedtoquantltatethenucleiofvarioussofttissuetumors.Asinglerepresentingsectionfromsofttissuesarcomawasusedforhistologicgrading.Histologlcandcytometriccomparativeanalysesshowedthatall21benigntumorswerediploid.Among62casesofsofttissuesarcoma,45(73%)wereaneuploid.Therewasasignificantdifferenceinthenuclearareabetweenbenignandmalignanttumors(P<0.01),dlploidandaneuploidtumors(P<0.05).ThetwonewtechniquesarevaluableIncellularquantitativemeasurementforsofttissuetumors.

简介：