简介:1.IntroductionQuasarsarethemostluminousobjectsintheuniverseandthehighestredshiftobjectswecandirectlyobserve.Understandingtheiremissionlineshasacosmologicalimperativesincetheirspectradependonluminosity(the“Baldwineffect”;Baldwin1977,Osmeretal.1994).Oncewecandirectlymeasuretheirluminositythequasarswillgaugetheexpansionoftheuniverseatredshiftsz∧5.Atthesametime,theoriginofthechemicalelementsremainsacentralthemeacrossmuchofstellar,galactic,andextragalacticastrophysics.Quasarsprobeearlyepochsinthefor...