简介：与较普通活字大一倍的杂交稻Yangliangyou6(YLY6)和Liangyoupeijiu(LYPJ)，andthree线杂交稻Shanyou63(SY63)作为与谷物充满联合的材料，来源，水池和流动特征被调查。种子背景率，谷物充满度和YLY6和SY63的谷物产量比LYPJ的那些显著地高。在YLY6和SY63的灰煤杆和鞘的事的出口和转变百分比比LYPJ的那些显著地高。在谷物的蔗糖synthase，腺苷diphosphoglucosepyrophosphorylase，淀粉synthase和淀粉分叉酶的活动比为LYPJ为YLY6andSY63是更高的，并且很显著地与充满率，吝啬的谷物充满率，谷物充满度和粒重的最大的谷物被相关。每维管束的区域和YLY6和SY63的韧皮部的小穗状花小穗数字，谷物收益和全部的水池负担是比LYPJ的那些显著地小的，并且越大，越多并且越多降低种子背景率负担更差的谷物充满。交通率每YLY6的区域韧皮部比LYPJ或SY63的大。Theresults建议YLY6拥有强壮的来源，大水池活动和有效流动，它为它充满的高种子背景率和好谷物放了一个生理的底。

简介：Background:Remotesensing-basedinventoriesareessentialinestimatingforestcoverintropicalandsubtropicalcountries,wheregroundinventoriescannotbeperformedperiodicallyatalargescaleowingtohighcostsandforestinaccessibility(e.g.REDDprojects)andaremandatoryforconstructinghistoricalrecordsthatcanbeusedasforestcoverbaselines.Giventheconditionsofsuchinventories,thesurveyareaispartitionedintoagridofimagerysegmentsofpre-fixedsizewheretheproportionofforestcovercanbemeasuredwithinsegmentsusingacombinationofunsupervised(automatedorsemi-automated)classificationofsatelliteimageryandmanual(i.e.visualon-screen)enhancements.Becausevisualon-screenoperationsaretimeexpensiveprocedures,manualclassificationcanbeperformedonlyforasampleofimagerysegmentsselectedatafirststage,whileforestcoverwithineachselectedsegmentisestimatedatasecondstagefromasampleofpixelsselectedwithinthesegment.Becauseforestcoverdataarisingfromunsupervisedsatelliteimageryclassificationmaybefreelyavailable(e.g.Landsatimagery)overtheentiresurveyarea(wall-to-walldata)andarelikelytobegoodproxiesofmanuallyclassifiedcoverdata(sampledata),theycanbeadoptedassuitableauxiliaryinformation.Methods:Thequestionishowtochoosethesampleareaswheremanualclassificationiscarriedout.Wehaveinvestigatedtheefficiencyofone-per-stratumstratifiedsamplingforselectingsegmentsandpixels,wheretocarryoutmanualclassificationandtodeterminetheefficiencyofthedifferenceestimatorforexploitingauxiliaryinformationattheestimationlevel.Theperformanceofthisstrategyiscomparedwithsimplerandomsamplingwithoutreplacement.Results:OurresultswereobtainedtheoreticallyfromthreeartificialpopulationsconstructedfromtheLandsatclassification(forest/nonforest)availableatpixellevelforastudyarealocatedincentralItaly,assumingthreelevelsoferrorratesoftheuns

简介：Nonlinearmixedeffectsmodel(NLMEM)isbuiltontherelationshipofthefixedandrandomeffectsintheregressionfunction.TheNLMEMhasanobviouscomparativeadvantageinanalyzingthelongitudinaldata,repeatedmeasuresdataandmultileveldata.Two-levelNLMEMisusedtoanalyzethedominantheightforChinesefir(Cunninghamialanceolata).Theauthorsoutlinethetwo-levelNLMEMandintroducetheparametersestimationmethodofthemodel.BasedonfivecommonRichardandLogisticmodels,themixedmodelisbuilt.Themodelingdataareusedtocalculateandcomparewith19modelsderivedfromeachbasedmodel,and5optimalmixedmodelsarebuilt.Comparedthe5optimalmixedmodelswithtraditionalregressionmodels,itisshowedthatthetwo-levelNLMEMhasabetterfittingeffectthantheregressionmodel.

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简介：Acold-tolerantcultivar,Xiangnuo1,andacold-sensitivecultivar,IR50,wereusedtostudytheinfluenceofchillingonphotosyntheticrateandchlorophyllfluorescenceparametersinriceseedlings.Thephotosyntheticratesdeclineddramaticallyduringchilling,anddecreasedby48.7%and67.5%inXiangnuo1andIR50seedlings,respectively,afterbeingsubjectedtochillingtreatmentfortwodays.ChlorophyllfluorescencemeasurementsshowedthatrelativelyhigherqPandqNPinXiangnuo1weremaintainedtodissipatetheredundantexcitationenergyandprotectthereactioncentersfromchillinjury;accordingly,redundantexcitationenergyaccumulatedlessinthereactioncenters,andantennasystemswerelessinjuredbychillinginXiangnuo1.Onthecontrary,inIR50,qPandqNPdeclinedrapidlywhileExincreased,asthechillingpersisted.ThisresultindicatedthatthereactioncentersandantennasystemsinIR50weredamagedseverelybychilling,whichledtothelowerphotosyntheticrate.

简介：１三棘华枝ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｔｒｉｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｍＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．本新种与臀沟华枝ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｌａｔｉｓｅｃｔｕｍＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ近似，但本种雄性臀节端部较窄，纵沟浅裂．背面具有３个排列成倒三角形的锥形突，第９节背板隆起成直角下垂等不同，可相区别．模式标本保存在中山大学．２单棘华枝ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｕｎｉｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｍＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ，ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．本新种与三棘华枝ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｔｒｉｓｐｉｎｏｓｕｍＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ近似，但本种雄性臀节较狭长，两侧端叶扩展成瓣状；端部无纵沟，背面具有１个明显的锥形突，下生殖板形状以及第９节背板明显不同等，可相区别．模式标本保存在中山大学．３拟异尾华枝（雌性）ＳｉｎｏｐｈａｓｍａｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｉｒａｂｉｌｅＣｈｅｎｅｔＣｈｅｎ本种发表于１９９６年，当时仅报道其雄性，近在中山大学昆虫标本馆发现１对雌雄，其雌性与异尾华枝ＳｉｏｎｐｈａｓｍａｍｉｒａｂｉｌｅＧüｎｔｈｅｒ雌性相似．但本种头部形状，第７腹节腹板与腹瓣伸至的位置，以及尾须的形状等明显不同，可与之区别．模式标本保存在北京林业大学和中山大学．

简介：Thelowremovaleffciencyoftotalnitrogen(TN)isoneofthemaindisadvantagesoftraditionalsinglestagesubsurfaceinfiltrationsystem,whichcombinesananaerobictankandasoilfilterfield.Inthisstudy,afull-scale,two-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasdesignedandoperatedtoevaluatethefeasibilityandperformancesintreatingsewagefromaschoolcampusforoveraone-yearmonitoringperiod.Therawsewagewaspreparedandfedintothefirstanaerobictankandsecondtankby60%and40%,respectively.Thisnovelprocesscoulddecreasechemicaloxygendemandwiththedichromatemethodby89%-96%,suspendedsolidsby91%-97%,andtotalphosphorusby91%-97%.Thedenitrificationwassatisfactoryinthesecondstagesoiltrench,sotheremovalsofTNaswellasammonianitrogen(NH+4-N)reached68%-75%and96%-99%,respectively.ItappearedthattheremovaleffciencyofTNinthistwo-stageanaerobictankandsoiltrenchsystemwasmoreeffectivethanthatinthesinglestagesoilinfiltrationsystem.Theeffuentmetthedischargestandardforthesewagetreatmentplant(GB18918-2002)ofChina.

简介：Soilmacroinvertebratesarehighlydiverseandtheirmajorecologicalserviceincludebreakdownoforganicmatterandinturnimprovesoilfertilityandpill-millipedesarewell-knownfortheirsigni?cantroleiningestion,disintegrationanddecompositionoforganicmatterinsoil.Thisstudycharacterizedthefeed,thedecomposingleaflitterofcoconut(Cocosnucifera),andfaecesoftwoendemicgiantpill-millipedesArthrosphaeradistictaandA.fumosacollectedfromforestsoftheWesternGhatsofIndiabasedonchemicalfeaturesandmicrobialpro?le.Inbothmillipedes,electricconductivityandtotalphosphorusweresigni?cantlyincreasedinfaeces,whilethecrudeprotein,organiccarbon,totalnitrogenandtotalphenolicsweresigni?cantlydecreased,ascomparedtothoseinfeed.Heterotrophicbacteria,actinomycetes,rhizobiaandphosphate-solubilizingbacteriaweresigni?cantlyhigherinfaecesthaninfeed,while?lamentousfungiandyeastsubstantiallydecreasedinfacescomparedtofeedinboththemillipedes.Spectrumoffattyacidmethylesterswasconsiderablydifferentbetweenfeedandfaecesofboththemillipedes.Thetotalsaturatedfattyacidswerehigherthanthetotalunsaturatedfattyacidsinfeedaswellasfaeces,whiletheratioofunsaturated/saturatedfattyacidsdecreasedfromfeedtofaeces.DodecanoicandtetradecanoicacidsinA.distictaandoctadecanoicacidinA.fumosasigni?cantlyincreased,while(9Z)-octadec-9-enoicand(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoicacidsinA.distictaandhexadecanoic,tetracosanoicand(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoicacidsinA.fumosasigni?cantlydecreasedinfaecescomparedtofeed,indicatingmillipede-dependentchangesinfattyacids.Icosanoicacidwaspresentinfaecesofboththemillipedes,andhexadec-9-enoicacidwascon?nedtofaecesofA.disticta,whilepentadecanoic,heneicosanoic,(9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoicandeicosenoicacidswerecon?nedtofaecesofA.fumosa.Pill-millipedesenrichthesoilqualitybyleaflitterconditioningintheirgutthroughspeci?cmi

简介：Basedonamultilevellinearmixedmodelapproach,anindividualdiameterincrementmodelwasdevelopedforfirplantationtreesgrowinginJiangxiProvince.Thedatasetusedinthisstudycamefromlong-termpermanentresearchplots.Thedatabaseconsistsoftotalof82counties,365plots,5416treesand16248observations.Thepaperchosemixedeffectsmodelsinsteadofregressionanalysisapproachbecauseitallowsforpropertreatmentoferrortermsandcorrelationinarepeatedmeasuresanalysisframework.Themodelwasdefinedasamixedlinearmodelwithparameterrandomeffectofplot,areaorplotandareasimultaneous.Inadditiontheheteroscedasticityandcorrelationwastakenintoaccount.Mixedmodelcalibrationofdiameterincrementwascarriedoutwiththeindependentdatausingadifferentsampleofcomplementaryobservations.Theresultshowedthatthetotalstandbasalarea,thediameteroftargettrees,theratioofbasalareaoflargertreestotargettreediameter,andaltitudewerefoundtobesignificantpredictors.Boththefittingmodelandthecalibratedmodelmeanasubstantialimprovementcomparedwiththeclassicalapproachwidelyusedinforestmanagement.Aftertakingintoaccountreasonablevariancefunctionofheteroscedasticityandcorrelation,themodelshowsbetterofgoodnessoffitthanonlytakingintoaccountparameterrandomeffects.Thistypeofmodelingmethodologyshowsflexible,preciseandaccurate.

简介：Aqualitativegenderassessmentofhousehold-basedbambooindustrieswasconductedinZhuyuanandLagadivillagesinLaochangTownship,XinpingCountyinSouthwestChina'sYunnanProvince.Resultsshowedthatbothwomenandmenwereactivelyinvolvedintheproductionandmarketingofbambooproductsinthetwovillages.Thereweregenderdifferencesinbamboo-basedruralindustriesthatwerecloselyassociatedwiththeethnichabits,traditionalnormsoftheruralsociety,thedifferencesofeducationallevelsthatwomenandmenachieved,andthegenderblind-spotsintheenforcementoflawsandpolicies.Itisevidentthatwomenwere“equal”partnersintheproductionofbambooproducts,but“unequal”whentherightsofaccesstoandcontroloverresourcesandpersonalindependenceareconcerned.Suggestionsaremadetoachieveagender-balancedproductionsystemofbambooproductsinruralareasofbambooproducingcountiesinYunnanProvince,China.

简介：集中和在Castanopsiskawakamii和中国冷杉木(Cunninghamialanceolata)的单一经营种植园的森林地板的文档的季节的动力学在Sanming被估计，福建，中国(26°11′30″N，117°26′00″E)。福雷斯特地板样品在2002在1月，4月，7月和10月被拿并且划分成波形的镇静的材料(地平线Oi)，部分分解了器官的材料(地平线Oe)，并且充分分解了器官的材料(horizonOa)。在收集之上，样品的文档集中被高温TOC分析。Theresults证明中国冷杉木的累年平均文档集中(1341.7mg·kg~(在森林地板的-1))比Castanopsiskawakamii的高(1178.9mg·kg~(-1))。在DOCconcentrations的差别在森林地板的三根地平线之中被观察。二个森林里的森林地板的文档集中在地平线Oe是最高的。文档集中的季节的趋势森林地板的冷淡的地平线是类似的，最大的价值发生在秋天(或冬季)。集中和学习森林里的文档的时间的变化可能与在在森林地板的有机物的潮湿，温度，生物学的活性和数量的变化有关。

简介：Background:Seedproduction,seeddispersalandseedlingestablishmentarerelevantlifephasesofplants.Understandingtheseprocessesandtheirpatternsisessentialtorecognizevegetationdynamicsandtoapplyittoforestrestoration.Methods:ForOleaeuropaeaandScheffleraabyssinica,fecunditywasestimatedusingrandomizedbranchsampling.Seeddispersalandseedlingestablishmentweremonitoredusingspatiallyexplicitseedtrapsandplots.Dispersalfunctionswerecalibratedapplyinginversemodeling.Results:O.europaeaproducedmoreseedsandhadlongerdispersaldistancescomparedtoS.abyssinica.Correlationsbetweenobservedandpredictednumberofrecruitswerestatisticallysignificant.Seedlingsofthetwospeciesshoweddifferentnicherequirements.Conclusions:Thestudiedspecieswererecruitment-limitedduetolowdispersalactivityorlackofsuitablemicrosites.Restorationrelyingonnaturalregenerationshouldovercometheselimitationsbyincreasingdisperservisitationandreducingbioticandabioticstresses.

简介：Treegrowthtraits(treeheight,DBHandstemvolume)andsurvivalfromtwo9-year-old,open-pollinatedprogenytestsofChinesefirwereinvestigatedforheritability,genotype9environmentinteraction,age-agegeneticcorrelationandselectionefficiency.The97and79familiesplantedattwositeswerecollectedfromthethirdcycleseedorchard.Individualheritabilitywasestimatedbetween0.05and0.21fortreeheight,DBH,andvolumeandbetween0.45and1.0forsurvival.Fa

简介：Treeimprovementprogramsonloblollypine(Pinustaeda)inthesoutheasternUSAhasfocusedprimarilyonimprovinggrowth,form,anddiseasetolerance.However,duetotherecentreductionofdesignvaluesforvisuallygradedsouthernyellowpinelumber(includingloblollypine),attentionhasbeendrawntothematerialqualityofgeneticallyimprovedloblollypine.Inthisstudy,weusedthetime-of-flight(TOF)acoustictooltoassesstheeffectofgeneticfamiliesondiameter,slenderness,fiberlength,microfibrilangle(MFA),velocityanddynamicstiffnessestimatedusinggreendensity(DMOEG)andbasicdensity(DMOEB)of14-year-oldloblollypinestandsselectedfromtwosites.Allthe184and204treesoftheselectedeighthalf-sibgeneticfamiliesonsites1and2respectivelyweretestedusingTOFacoustictool,andtwo5mmcoresamplestakenatbreastheightlevel(1.3m)usedtofortheanatomicalandphysicalpropertiesanalysis.TheresultsindicatedasignificantpositivelinearrelationshipbetweendynamicMOEs(DMOEGandDMOEB)versustreediameter,slenderness,andfiberlengthwhiledynamicMOEsnegativelybutnonsignificantcorrelatedwithMFA.WhiletherewasnosignificantdifferenceinDMOEBbetweensites;velocity2forsite1wassignificantlyhigherthansite2butDMOEGwashigherforsite2thansite1.Again,themeanDMOEGandDMOEBreportedinthepresentstudypresentsasnapshotoftheexpectedstaticMOEforgreenand12%moistureconditionsrespectivelyforloblollypine.Furthermore,thereweresignificantdifferencesbetweenfamiliesformostofthetraitsmeasuredandthissuggeststhatforestmanagershavetheopportunitytoselectfamiliesthatexhibitthedesiredfibermorphologyforfinalproductperformance.Lastly,sincethedynamicMOEbasedongreendensity(DMOEG),basicdensity(DMOEB)andvelocity2presentdifferenceconclusions,practitionersofthistypeofacoustictechniqueshouldtakecarewhenextrapolatingresultsacrossthesites.