简介：Itisbelievedthathumanancestorsevolvedtheabilitytorunbipedallyapproximately2millionyearsago.Thisformoflocomotionmayhavebeenimportanttooursurvivalandlikelyhasinfluencedtheevolutionofourbodyform.Asourbodieshaveadaptedtorun,itseemsunusualthatupto79%ofmoderndayrunnersareinjuredannually.Theetiologyoftheseinjuriesisclearlymultifactorial.However,1aspectofrunningthathassignificantlychangedoverthepast50yearsisthefootwearweuse.Modernrunningshoeshavebecomeincreasinglycushionedandsupportive,andhavechangedthewaywerun.Inparticular,theyhavealteredourfootstrikepatternfromapredominantlyforefootstrike(FFS)landingtoapredominantlyrearfootstrike(RFS)landing.Thischangealtersthewayinwhichthebodyisloadedandmaybecontributingtothehighrateofinjuriesrunnersexperiencewhileengagedinanactivityforwhichtheywereadapted.Inthispaper,wewillexaminethebenefitsofbarefootrunning(typicallyanFFSpattern),andcomparethelowerextremitymechanicsbetweenFFSandRFS.Theimplicationsofthesemechanicaldifferences,intermsofinjury,willbediscussed.WewillthenprovideevidencetosupportourcontentionthatFFSprovidesanoptimalmechanicalenvironmentforspecificfootandanklestructures,suchastheheelpad,theplantarfascia,andtheAchillestendon.Theimportanceoffootwearwillthenbeaddressed,highlightingitsinteractionwithstrikepatternonmechanics.Thisanalysiswillunderscorewhyfootwearmatterswhenassessingmechanics.Finally,properpreparationandsafetransitiontoanFFSpatterninminimalshoeswillbeemphasized.Throughthediscussionofthecurrentliterature,wewilldevelopajustificationforreturningtorunninginthewayforwhichwewereadaptedtoreducerunning-relatedinjuries.

简介：Background:Physicalactivity(PA)duringpregnancyprovidesphysicalandpsychologicalbenefitsformotherandchild.U.S.guidelinesrecommend≥30minofmoderateexerciseforhealthypregnantwomenmostdaysoftheweek;however,mostwomendonotmeettheserecommendations.Theoryassistsinidentifyingsalientdeterminantsofhealthbehaviortoguidehealthpromotioninterventions;however,theapplicationoftheorytoexaminePAamongpregnantwomenhasnotbeenexaminedcohesivelyamongmultiplelevelsofinfluence(e.g.,intrapersonal,interpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,andorganizational/political).Subsequently,thissystematicreviewaimstoidentifyandevaluatetheuseofhealthbehaviortheoryinstudiesthatexaminePAduringpregnancy.Methods:ArticlespublishedbeforeJuly2014wereobtainedfromPubMedandWebofScience.Inclusioncriteriaappliedwere:(1)empiricallybased;(2)peer-reviewed;(3)measuredfactorsrelatedtoPA;(4)comprisedapregnantsample;and(5)appliedtheory.Fourteenstudieswereincluded.Eachstudy'sapplicationoftheoryandtheoreticalconstructswereevaluated.Results:VarioustheorieswereutilizedtoexplainandpredictPAduringpregnancy;yet,themajorityofthesestudiesonlyfocusedonintrapersonalleveldeterminants.Fivetheoreticalframeworkswereappliedacrossthestudies—allbutoneattheintrapersonallevel.Fewdeterminantsidentifiedwerefromtheinterpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,ororganizational/politicallevels.Conclusion:ThissystematicreviewsynthesizedtheliteratureontheoreticalconstructsrelatedtoPAduringpregnancy.Interpersonal,community,andsocietallevelsremainunderstudied.Futureresearchshouldemploytheory-drivenmulti-leveldeterminantsofPAtoreflecttheinteractingfactorsinfluencingPAduringthiscriticalperiodinthelifecourse.

简介：BackgroundTraditional垂直、轮流出现方面的整个身体颤动(WBV)能有效地改进肌肉力量性能，但是为提高change-of-direction(货到付款)有有限功效能力。特别地为每条腿向运动的各种各样的方向提供更高、特殊的频率的新奇双板的WBV可以在肌肉力量和短弄短的周期功效贡献货到付款能力上引起更好尖锐的效果。因此，这研究的目的是调查双频率或单个频率的WBV的尖锐效果在上蹲跳(SJ)，countermovement跳(CMJ)，怪癖的利用比率(EUR)，，和4min部分在一台双板的WBV机器上与WBV协议的3种类型蹲包括有收到35Hz的主导的腿和收到45Hz的非主导的腿的1个双频率的WBV协议(DFW)，并且2single-fp=0.008；CMJ：p<0.001)，但是显著地没改变EUR(p>0.05)。另外，仅仅DFW显著地改进了双频率的WBV会议改进了在橄榄球播放器的垂直的跳和货到付款能力的货到付款能力(p=0.001).ConclusionA4min，建议这能是为运动员的一个潜在的热身运动协议。