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简介:基于比赛理论和主要代理人的理论,这篇论文集中于当道德的危险存在时,怎么在供应链控制产品质量和设计质量合同。我们安装了供应商,买主期望利润函数模型,供应商在使生产过程成为投资级的决定并且决定产品质量预防水平,而买主做优秀评估决定并且决定产品质量检查水平。有减少投资水平的道德的危险的供应商可以在生产过程缺乏投资;因此,买主将付信息租金到incentivize改进投资水平的供应商。买主创造夸大产品质量有缺陷者率的道德的危险,在检查的overinvest可以处理。我们使用最佳的条件解决供应商外部失败的第一最好的优秀检查水平,内部惩罚,和分配比率花费了的第一最好的投资水平,产品质量预防水平,和买主。我们也进行显示出下列的模拟测试:当供应商改进它的投资水平时,它的产品质量预防水平将增加,并且买主质量检查水平将减少。当它的期望的利润将减少时,与在买主产品质量检查水平,它的内部惩罚愿望增加,和供应商的改进,外部失败费用将也增加。因此,买主将设计一个刺激合同,哪个将增加的期望的利润,和整个供应链联合期望的利润功能可以成为反的U形状。最后,我们开发一个模拟例子并且在不对称的信息的条件下面在供应链为质量控制策略和合同设计建议建议。
简介:WeconsideranM/M/2queueingsystemwithtwo-heterogeneousserversandmultiplevacations.CustomersarriveaccordingtoaPoissonprocess.However,customersbecomeimpatientwhenthesystemisonvacation.Weobtainexplicitexpressionsforthetimedependentprobabilities,meanandvarianceofthesystemsizeattimetbyemployingprobabilitygeneratingfunctions,continuedfractionsandpropertiesofthemodifiedBesselfunctions.Finally,twospecialcasesareprovided.
简介:Inthispaper,westudyacentralizedsupplychainforatwo-stagewithsellingpricediscount.Thissupplychainconsistsofasupplierandaretailer.Basedonthefeaturethattheproduct’ssellingseasonisshortandthesupplychainfacesgreatdemanduncertainty.Weconsideratwo-stagescenariowhere,atthebeginningofstage1,thesupplierreservesproductioncapacitybasedonhistoricdatainadvance,stage2comestousaftersomeleadtime,boththesupplierandtheretailerupdatethedemandinformation,theretailerthenplacesanordernotexceedingthereservedcapacitybasedontheselling-pricingdiscountdependentdemand.Wemakeoptimaldecisionsonthereservedcapacityinstage1,sellingpricediscountandorderquantityinstage2.Inthissupplychain,thepatterninstage2isfiguredoutfirst,andthenstage1isclearedaswell.Thenwepresentanumericalexampletogivesomeinsights.Finallywegetsomeconclusions.
简介:Thebullwhipeffectisstudiedfortwo-levelsupplychainwithmulti-distributedcenters.Firstthemodelfortwo-levelsupplychainwithmulti-distributedcentersisestablishedundersomeassumptions,thenthemathematicaldescriptionisgivenforit.Finallyasimpleexampleisshowedtoillustratetheresultsobtainedinthepaper.
简介:STATIONARYBEHAVIOROFTHETWO-STAGETANDEMQUEUEINGSYSTEMWITHFINITECAPACITYANDMATCHEDSERVICE¥YUANXueming(InstituteofAutomation,Aco...
简介:Weinthispaperexaminewarrantystrategyinatwo-stagesupplychainconsistingofamanufacturerandtwocompetingretailers.Themanufacturerproducestwosubstituteproductsandmarketsthemthroughthetworetailerstoagroupofconsumers,respectively.Foreachtypeofproducts,themanufacturer’sbasewarrantyandaretailer’sextendedwarrantyarebundledwiththeproduct.Weusegametheoreticmodelstoexploretheinteractionsbetweenthetwotypesofwarrantiesandthecompetitionbetweentheretailers.Forthispurpose,twoscenariosareconsidered:noretailerandboththetworetailersprovidingtheextendedwarranties,respectively.Ineachscenario,themanufacturer’sbasewarrantiesareassumedtobeoffered.Ourresultsshowthatwhentheretailersoffertheirextendedwarranties,themanufacturerhasnoincentivetoofferthebasewarranties;otherwise,themanufacturerhastoprovidethebasewarranties.Thecompetitionbetweenretailersintermsoftheproductsubstitutabilityhasnoimpactonwarrantydecisions,butaffectsallplayers’profitsinthesupplychain.Themanufacturercanprovidealongerwarrantylengthandhighercustomerwelfaretoacustomerthantheretailersdo,ifitismoreefficientthantheretailersinwarrantycost-efficiency,andviceversa.
简介:这份报纸考虑通过离线、联机的隧道为一小部分房间的分发由一个宾馆和一个联机旅行代理人(OTA)组成的宾馆供应链。在商人合作假设下面,为无常建模并且要求克服分散的决定的劣势,二合作机制,也就是,一个二阶段的订合同和一种选择收缩,被介绍在宾馆供应链增加利润。这份报纸在不同合同模型下面调查宾馆和OTA的最佳的决定。而且,作者在不同模型下面在宾馆和OTA的利润上分析需求无常和需求可变性和宾馆能力的相互作用的效果。结果证明二阶段的订合同和选择合同能增加全部供应链和宾馆的利润;然而,仅仅当宾馆能力是相对小的,需求可变性大时,OTA的利润能通过二阶段的订合同和选择合同被增加;否则,二合作机制不能增加OTA利润。
简介:Inthispaper,atwo-scalefiniteelementapproachisproposedandanalyzedforapproximationsofGreen'sfunctioninthree-dimensions.Thisapproachisbasedonatwo-scalefiniteelementspacedefined,respectively,onthewholedomainwithsizeHandonsomesubdomaincontainingsingularpointswithsizeh(h<
简介:在这份报纸,有合并Crowley燕子的二分布式的细胞内部的延期的一个HIV动力学模型功能的反应感染率被调查。作者在我们的系统考虑多重阶段疾病传播和隐而不见地的感染的房间(还没生产的病毒)。作者考虑nonnegativity,解决方案的固定,和系统的全球asymptotic稳定性。由构造合适的Lyapunovfunctionals并且使用Lyapunov-LaSalle不变性原则,作者证明全球稳定性感染(地方性)为时间延期的平衡和diseasefree平衡。作者证明了如果基本繁殖数字R0是不到统一,那么,没有疾病的平衡是全球性asymptotically稳定,并且如果R0比统一大,那么,感染的平衡是全球性asymptotically稳定。结果获得了模型的全球动态行为被基本繁殖数字R0完全决定并且时间延期不影响模型的全球asymptotic性质的表演。
简介:Inthispaper,wefocusonthereal-timeinteractionsamongmultipleutilitycompaniesandmultipleusersandformulatereal-timepricing(RTP)asatwo-stageoptimizationproblem.Atthefirststage,basedoncostfunction,weproposeacontinuoussupplyfunctionbiddingmechanismtomodeltheutilitycompanies’profitmaximizationproblem,bywhichtheanalyticexpressionofelectricitypriceisfurtherderived.Atthesecondstage,consideringthatindividuallyoptimalsolutionmaynotbesociallyoptimal,weemployconvexoptimizationwithlinearconstraintstomodelthepriceanticipatingusers’dailypayoffmaximum.Substitutetheanalyticexpressionofelectricitypriceobtainedatthefirststageintotheoptimizationproblematthesecondstage.Usingcustomizedproximalpointalgorithm(C-PPA),theoptimizationproblematthesecondstageissolvedandelectricitypriceisobtainedaccordingly.WealsoprovetheexistenceanduniquenessoftheNashequilibriuminthementionedtwostageoptimizationandtheconvergenceofC-PPA.Inaddition,inordertomakethealgorithmmorepractical,astatisticalapproachisusedtoobtainthefunctionofpriceonlythroughonlineinformationexchange,insteadofsolvingitdirectly.TheproposedapproachoffersRTP,powerproductionandloadschedulingformultipleutilitycompaniesandmultipleusersinsmartgrid.Statisticalapproachhelpstoprotectthecompany’sprivacyandavoidtheinterferenceofrandomfactors,andC-PPAhasanadvantageoverLagrangianalgorithmbecausetheformerneednotobtaintheobjectionfunctionofthedualoptimizationproblembysolvinganoptimizationproblemwithparameters.Simulationresultsshowthattheproposedframeworkcansignificantlyreducepeaktimeloadingandefficientlybalancesystemenergydistribution.
简介:在增值服务(管)上投资放大用户参予和站台利润。然而,投资资源通常在实践被限制。这篇论文调查管在投资资源限制下面为一个两方面的平台投资和定价策略。我们表明与管投资,赞助能仍然被做扩大用户需求,甚至当投资费用变得更高时。为最佳的定价策略,如果,网络效果将是统治决定因素在二个边缘的跨方面的好处之间的差距(即当时,用户们获得的利益各新的用户加入站台的另外的方面)大。有趣地,我们证明随边缘的投资费用的增加,用户们也可能更高被定价或降低。如果边缘的投资费用增加到高水平,和在二个边缘的跨方面的好处之间的差距大,为拥有更高跨方面的网络效果的用户降低存取费用未必确实补偿更高的费用引起的更多的利润损失。而且在管被开发以后,为谁的那些提起存取费用边缘的投资利益大未必确实也产生更多的利润。相反的策略进一步扩大用户用途,并且支持投资有益于更多的用户。
简介:Retailpriceandpromotionaleffortaretwoimportantparametersonwhichdemandofacommoditylargelydepends.Thispaperdevelopsandanalyzesatwo-echelonsupplychainwheremarketdemanddependsonbothretailpriceandsaleseffort.Thecentralizedmodelisstudiedasthebenchmarkcase,andthewholesaleprice-onlycontractisstudiedasthebasecaseinwhicheachentitytriestomaximizeitsindividualprofit.Differentcontractmechanismsareimplementedtooutperformthebasecaseintermsofbothtotalchain'saswellasindividualprofits.Comparisonsamongthecoordinatingcontractsareprovidedsothatanyentitymaychoosethebetteronefromavailablecontractsafterthecontractparametersarenegotiated.Themodelisextensivelyexaminedthroughanumericalexample.