简介:为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末(0、100、200、400μg·mL^-1)对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(TailDNA%)和尾矩(TailMoment)均显著增加(p〈0.01);同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组(p〈0.01).以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.
简介:摘要:本文以某水电站1号主变低后备保护跳闸为例,对电站线路、主变、机组大电流保护整定配置进行了浅析,并针对此次事件,提出了避免400V厂用系统全厂失电及相关模拟量合理上送的优化措施,提高了受系统冲击,机组甩负荷后,厂用电合理快速恢复的可靠性。可为同类型电厂提供参考。
简介:焦化废水中含有大量毒性物质,具有较强的生物毒性。本文以实验室构建的A2/O焦化废水处理系统为研究对象,考察废水处理过程化学成分和急性毒性的变化。采用紫外扫描和三维荧光光谱分析考察了处理系统各阶段出水的物质组分,并采用固相萃取和超滤膜分离等手段对水样各组分的发光细菌急性毒性进行研究。结果表明,伴随着芳香族物质等毒物的去除,焦化废水的急性生物毒性在该处理系统中被逐步削减,最终出水的毒性当量仅为原水的28%;不同组分的生物毒性测试结果显示,废水水样的强极性和中等极性有机组分贡献了绝大部分的毒性当量,而这些物质主要在缺氧段及好氧段被削减;结合三维荧光光谱的分析结果,可推断焦化废水中一类很难在A2/O处理系统中被完全去除的芳香族蛋白质类似物(Ⅱ区)很可能具有较强的生物毒性,是构成出水毒性的主要物质。
简介:Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases(GHGs)(particularlyCO2)hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics(includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense)hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis(basedontheSTIRPATmodel)andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis(basedongraysystemtheory)ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables(i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize)variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.
简介:HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.
简介:为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2+和Cd2+等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48h和96h急性毒性实验。结果表明:Cu2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为8.164mg·L(-1)和6.965mg·L(-1);Cd2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为63.084mg·L(-1)和53.093mg·L(-1);较低浓度组Cu(2+)(≤1.97mg·L(-1))时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组(≥3.87mg·L(-1))胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu(2+)略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd(2+)对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu(2+)和Cd(2+)质量浓度分别高于1.97mg·L(-1)和19.68mg·L(-1)时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率(P〈0.05)。Cu(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.361mg·L(-1)、2.844mg·L(-1)、2.020mg·L(-1)和1.352mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为15.907mg·L(-1)、10.550mg·L(-1)、7.986mg·L(-1)和6.346mg·L(-1);Cu(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.732mg·L(-1)、4.037mg·L(-1)、2.498mg·L(-1)和1.955mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为16.419mg·L(-1)、11.745mg·L(-1)、8.516mg·L(-1)和6.776mg·L(-1)。与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感。
简介:AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.
简介:EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth