简介：TheprojectofSichuanCommunityForestry,fundedbytheFordFoundationandassistedandguidedbyRECOFTC,isaseriesofactivitiesofresearch,practiceandpromotionofthebestmanagementandoperationalmodesimplementedintheareaoftheprojectofYangtzeriverprotectiveforest.Since1992,Sichuancommunityforestryhascarriedoutsomepilo

简介：Addressingclimatechangehasbecomeacommonissuearoundtheworldinthe21stcenturyandequallyanimportantmissioninChineseforestry.UnderstandingthedevelopmentofmonitoringandassessmentofforestbiomassandcarbonstorageinChinaisimportantforpromotingtheevaluationofforestcarbonsequestrationcapacityofChina.Theauthorconductsasystematicanalysisofdomesticpublicationsaddressing'monitoringandassessmentofforestbiomassandcarbonstorage'inordertounderstandthedevelopmenttrends,describesthebriefhistorythroughthreestages,andgivesthesituationofnewdevelopment.Towardstheendofthe20thcentury,alargenumberofpapersonbiomassandproductivityofthemajorforesttypesinChinahadbeenpublished,coveringtheexplorationandeffortsofmorethan20years,whileinvestigationsintoassessmentofforestcarbonstoragehadbarelybegun.Basedonthedataofthe7thand8thNationalForestInventories,forestbiomassandcarbonstorageoftheentirecountrywereassessedusingindividualtreebiomassmodelsandcarbonconversionfactorsofmajortreespecies,bothpreviouslypublishedandnewlydeveloped.Accompanyingtheimplementationofthe8thNationalForestInventory,aprogramofindividualtreebiomassmodelingformajortreespeciesinChinawascarriedoutsimultaneously.Bymeansofthematicresearchonclassificationofmodelingpopulations,aswellasproceduresforcollectingsamplesandmethodologyforbiomassmodeling,twotechnicalregulationsonsamplecollectionandmodelconstructionwerepublishedasministerialstandardsforapplication.Requestsforapprovalofindividualtreebiomassmodelsandcarbonaccountingparametersofmajortreespecieshavebeenissuedforapprovalasministerialstandards.Withtheimprovementofbiomassmodelsandcarbonaccountingparameters,thematicassessmentofforestbiomassandcarbonstoragewillbegraduallychangedintoageneralmonitoringofforestbiomassandcarbonstorage,inordertorealizetheirdynamicmoni

简介：Investigationswereconductedtoquantifylitterfall,andlitterandnutrientaccumulationinforestfloor,andtoacquireinformationonlitterdecompositionandnitrogenandphosphorusreleasepatternsinthreedifferentsubalpineconiferousforests,aplantation(Pl),asecondaryforest(SF),andaprimitiveforest(PF),inwesternSichuan,China.Thelittertrapmethodwasusedtoevaluatelitterfallwiththelitterbagmethodbeingutilizedforlitterdecomposition.Seasonalpatternsoflitterfallweresimilarinthethreeforests,withtwopeaksoccurringinSeptember-NovemberandMarch-May.Theplantationrevealedanannuallitterfallof4.38×103kgha-1,whichwassimilartothoseofSFandPF,butPlhadalowermasslossrateandahigherC/Nratio.TheC/Nratiomaybeasoundpredictorforthedecompositiondifferences.Nconcentrationsofleaflitterinboththesecondaryforestandprimitiveforestincreasedfirstandthendecreased,andthepercentagesoftheirfinal/initialvalueswere108.9%and99.9%,respectively.Pconcentrationinthethreeforestsincreasedbytheendofthestudy.TheresultsoflitterfallanddecompositionindicatedthatintheplantationthepotentialtoprovidenutrientsforsoilorganicmatterwassimilartothoseofSFandPF;however,itsslowerdecompositionratecouldresultinasomewhattransientaccumulationoflitterintheforestfloor.

简介：ThedistributionandtransformationofaddedandnativeNiinpurplesoilswereinvestigatedwithbothsequentialextractionprocedureandisotopictracertechnique.ThedistributionofaddedandnativeNiwasgreatlydependentonsoilproperties.LowsoilpHwasfavorableforsolubleplusexchangeable(EX)Fraction,whileFe/MnoxidesandclayforFe/Mnoxidebound(OX)andresidual(RES)fractions.TheaddedNi,however,hasnotyetreachedthedistributionequilibriumuptothe150thdayafterincubation.ThiswasreflectedinthefactthattheproportionofEXfractionfromaddedNiwas150%-600%asmuchasthatofnativeNi,whilethatofRESfractionwasonlyabout80%,Onceenteringsoil,theappliedsolubleNiwasrapidlytransformedintootherfractions,buttheorganiccomplexe(OM)fractionofaddedNiwasrelativelystableduringincubation.Thecarbonatebound(CAB)fractionshowedaprogressiveincreaseandattainedapeakvalueafter0-14dofincubationandthereafterdecreasedgradually.TheoccurrencetimeofthispeakadvancedasinitialsoilpHincreased.butthepeakwoulddisappearwheninitialsoilpHwashigherthan7.5(orcontainingfreeCaCO3).ThetransformationprocessesoftheEX,OXandRESfractionscouldbedescribedbyElovichandtwo-constantrateequations,andtheratewerepositivelycorrelatedwithsoilpH,CECandclay.ThesefindingcouldexplainwhytherearedifferencesinecologicalandenvironmentaleffectsofNiindifferentsoilsandatvariousintervals.

简介：Forestgrowthismainlycurrentlymonitoredusingin-situmeasurementsinnortheastofChina.Toeffectivelymonitorforestgrowthdisturbanceatlargescale,weattemptedtouseremotesensingtechnique,particularly,timeseriesMODISdatafrom2004to2006.Theannualtimeseriesof8-dayenhancedvegetationindex(EVI)datasetwasgeneratedandsmoothedusingaSavitzky-Golayfilter.TheEVItrajectoryduringgrowthseasonwassimulatedusingalogisticmodel.Fromthesimulatedtrajectory,theEVIareaofgrowthseasonandannualEVIentropywerecalculated.Thesetwofactorswerecombinedtomapthedisturbanceregionsofforestgrowth.Finally,thedisturbanceregionswereverifiedusingasetofrandomsamples.Theresultindicatesthatthedisturbancepointshavedistinctivelyhigherentropyandlowerpeak.SomeofthesepointsalsoshowabruptEVIdeclineduringthemidseasonofthepeakphasesordoublepeaks.Thisapproachisdemonstratedtobefeasiblefordisturbancemonitoringofforestgrowth.

简介：Throughexploitingthehighhomologyofcerealcropgenes,membranouscDNAmicroarrayscontaining3311uniquericetranscripts(including1639cndosperm-derivedtranscriptsand1672maturestem-derivedtranscripts)wereusedformonitoringtheexpressionprofilesofl-leafstageseedlingsof4cerealcropspecies:rice,maize,sorghumandbarley.Afterhybridizingwith[P]labeledprobes,73.6%ofthearrayedgenesgeneratedreliablesignalsinallofthefourcerealcrops.Furtheranalysisrevealedthatamongthearrayedgenes,ahigherpercentageoftheendosperm-derivedtranscripts(86.6%)expressedthanthatofthematurestem-derivedgenes(60.9%),indicatingthatmostoftheendospermexpressedgenesfunctionedinyoungseedlingswhilcconsiderableamountofmaturestemtissueexpressedgenesdidnotexpress.Theseresultsalsoinferredthatsomegenesmightfunctiononlyatcertaindevelopmentalstages.Bycomparingtheobtainedprofdes,84geneswereidentifiedconstantlyexpressedinallthefourcerealcrops.Manyhousekeepinggenes,suchaspolyubiquitin,ubiquitinconjugatingenzymeandribosomalproteinswereincludedinthiscatalogue.Theexperimentalsoidentified14riceseedlingspecificallyexpressedgenes,including3bioticandabioticstressinducedgenesand1apoptosissuppressorencodinggeneBaxinhibitor-1.Thisinvestigationprovidedinvaluableinformationforcomparativegenomicsofgramineaemembers.

简介：solani孤立的Rhizoctonia的55件代表性的样品，从在四川省的五个不同生态的区域镇定、孤立，中国，为致病力和分子的基因变化被净化并且分析。菌丝的熔化测试表明除了isolateD42，几乎所有isolates属于AG-IIA组。另外，一些isolates正在衔接孤立，它能同时与几熔化组。致病力分析在上在vitro，叶子证实了一个重要致病力变化在测试孤立。55孤立然后被进一步的RAPD(随机放大的多态的DNA)分类进8个组在0.941的类似系数的簇分析。结果在四川省在某些生态的条件下面建议那，中国，大多数R。solani紧张是遗传上稳定的，但是一些急速地变化了。

简介：Remote-sensingdataforprotectedareasinnorthernTogo,obtainedinthreedifferentyears(2007,2000,and1987),wereusedtoassessandmapchangesinlandcoverandlanduseforthisdroughtpronezone.Thenormalizeddifferencevegetationindex(NDVI)wasappliedtotheimagestomapchangesinvegetation.Anunsupervisedclassification,followedbyclassesrecoding,filtering,identifications,areacomputingandpost-classificationprocesswereappliedtothecompositeofthethreeyearsofNDVIimages.Maximumlikelihoodclassificationwasappliedtothe2007image(ETM+2007)usingasupervisedclassificationprocess.Sevenvegetationclassesweredefinedfromtrainingdatasets.Thesevenclassesincludedthefollowingbiomes:riparianforest,dryforest,floodedvegetation,woodedsavanna,fallows,parkland,andwater.Fortheseclasses,theoverallaccuracyandtheoverallkappastatisticfortheclassifiedmapwere72.5%and0.67,respectively.Dataanalysesindicatedagreatchangeinlandresources;especiallybetween1987and2000probablyduetotheimpactofdemocratizationprocesssocial,economic,andpoliticaldisorderfrom1990.Wide-scalelossofvegetationoccurredduringthisperiod.However,areasofvegetationclearingandregrowthweremorevisiblebetween2000and2007.Themainsourceofconfusioninthecontingencymatrixwasduetoheterogeneitywithincertainclasses.Itcouldalsobeduetospectralhomogeneityamongtheclasses.Thisresearchprovidesabaselineforfutureecologicallandscaperesearchandforthenextmanagementprograminthearea.

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简介：包含五本国的起源和Pinusradiata(D.唐)的澳大利亚的landrace的一个起源实验在四川的干燥的河山谷区域在三个地点上被建立，在2004的西南中国以便为环境种在上选择最合适的起源干燥，陡峭、降级的斜坡将减少土壤侵蚀。尽管与在与P相比的冬季的低得多的土壤潮湿供应和吝啬的最小的温度。在世界上在其它地方建立的radiata起源试用，这些地点在以前的气候定义的种类的工作限制以内建模并且匹配。在实验被建立以后，因为困难的地点条件和严重自然骚乱，死亡越过与在另外的国家的起源试用相比的三个地点高。在起源由之中的平均死亡率复制在在种以后在种以后从16%～76%四年，并且从40%～88%五年改变的三个地点上种单位。树尺寸的重复大小随着时间的过去用multilevel被分析为平均数导出生长曲线的线性混合模型，中部，第75并且在每个地点的每起源的尺寸分发的第90个百分位数。树生长上有重要地点效果，但是在地点和起源之间的重要相互作用都没被检测。在六起源之中，威尔斯是在越过所有地点的直径，高度和茎体积生长的最好的表演者。比一般水准和这起源的最好的树好由名字的茎体积分发的第75和第90个百分位数代表了比澳大利亚的landrace显著地大，一?oNuevo，和二岛起源，Guadalupe和Cedros。Monterey是全面的在威尔斯后面的第二个最好的表演者。澳大利亚的landrace，Guadalupe和A?oNuevo一般来说有类似的表演。Cedros显著地并且一致地低于所有另外的本国的起源和澳大利亚的陆地赛跑。因为现在的澳大利亚的种植园的基因库主要从A被导出?oNuevo和Monterey，在如此的困难的地点的威尔斯的优异早生长性能把一条新诺言带到P的搜索。为在新南威尔士和澳大利亚的另外的部分的广阔dryland区域的radiata

简介：Background:Theimportanceofstructurallydiverseforestsfortheconservationofbiodiversityandprovisionofawiderangeofecosystemserviceshasbeenwidelyrecognised.However,toolstoquantifystructuraldiversityofforestsinanobjectiveandquantitativewayacrossmanyforesttypesandsitesarestillneeded,forexampletosupportbiodiversitymonitoring.Theexistingapproachestoquantifyforeststructuraldiversityarebasedonsmallgeographicalregionsorsingleforesttypes,typicallyusingonlysmalldatasets.Results:HerewedevelopedanindexofstructuraldiversitybasedonNationalForestInventory(NFI)dataofBadenWurttemberg,Germany,astatewith1.3millionhaofdiverseforesttypesindifferentownerships.Basedonaliteraturereview,11aspectsofstructuraldiversitywereidentifiedaprioriascruciallyimportanttodescribestructuraldiversity.Aninitialcomprehensivelistof52variablesderivedfromNationalForestInventory(NFI)datarelatedtostructuraldiversitywasreducedbyapplyingfiveselectioncriteriatoarriveatonevariableforeachaspectofstructuraldiversity.Thesevariablescomprise1)quadraticmeandiameteratbreastheight(DBH),2)standarddeviationofDBH,3)standarddeviationofstandheight,4)numberofdecayclasses,5)bark-diversityindex,6)treeswithDBH>40cm,7)diversityoffloweringandfructification,8)averagemeandiameterofdowneddeadwood,9)meanDBHofstandingdeadwood,10)treespeciesrichnessand11)treespeciesrichnessintheregenerationlayer.Thesevariableswerecombinedintoasimple,additiveindextoquantifythelevelofstructuraldiversity,whichassumesvaluesbetween0and1.Weappliedthisindexinanexemplarywaytobroadforestcategoriesandownershipstoassessitsfeasibilitytoanalysestructuraldiversityinlarge-scaleforestinventories.Conclusions:Theforeststructureindexpresentedherecanbederivedinasimilarwayfromstandardinventoryvariablesformostotherlarge-scaleforestin

简介：Restorationofmountainslopeforestsisoftenusedtoachieveoneoracombinationofthefollowingaims,includingincreasedproduction,soilprotectionandwildlifeconservation.Inthispaper,biodiversity-orientedsilviculturewasproposedasadesignprincipleinforestrestorationfromwhichstripcuttingofshrubswasusedastherestoringtechnologyofforests.MorethanlO-year-observationsandexperimentalresultsoftheafforestationpracticesintheupperreachesofMinjiangRiver,Sichuan,China,indicatedthatthetechnologywasfeasibleandhadmanyadvantages.Strip-cuttingofshrubsamelioratedmicroclimateconditions,improvedsoilnutriemlevelforthegrowthoftargettreespeciesandincreasedthephysicalsurvivalofpinespecies.Structuraldiversity,intermsofspecies,didnotincrease,butashrubspecieswasobservedtodifferentiatefromshrublayerandtendedtoformmixedforests.Preservebeltsofthetechnologyweresupposedtomeetpublicdemandsincludingbiodiversityconservationandsoilprotection,andactasabasicstageinecologicallyprogressivesuccession.ThepromisinginitialresultsindicatethatstripcuttingofshrubsmaybeaneffectivepracticeforforestrestorationintheupperreachesofMinjiangRiver,Sichuan,China.