简介：Historically,mastcellswereknownasakeycelltypeinvolvedintypeIhypersensitivity.Untillasttwodecades,thiscelltypewasrecognizedtobewidelyinvolvedinanumberofnon-allergicdiseasesincludinginflammatoryboweldisease(IBD).MarkedlyincreasednumbersofmastcellswereobservedinthemucosaoftheileumandcolonofpatientswithIBD,whichwasaccompaniedbygreatchangesofthecontentinmastcellssuchasdramaticallyincreasedexpressionofTNFα,IL-16andsubstanceP.TheevidenceofmastcelldegranulationwasfoundinthewallofintestinefrompatientswithIBDwithimmunohistochemistrytechnique.ThehighlyelevatedhistamineandtryptaselevelsweredetectedinmucosaofpatientswithIBD,stronglysuggestingthatmastcelldegranulationisinvolvedinthepathogenesisofIBD.However,littleisknownoftheactionsofhistamine,tryptase,chymaseandcarboxypeptidaseinIBD.Overthelastdecade,heparinhasbeenusedtotreatIBDinclinicalpractice.Thelowmolecularweightheparin(LMWH)waseffectiveasadjuvanttherapy,andthepatientsshowedgoodclinicalandlaboratoryresponsewithnoseriousadverseeffects.TherolesofPGD2,LTC4,PAFandmastcellcytokinesinIBDwerealsodiscussed.Recently,aseriesofexperimentswithdispersedcolonmastcellssuggestedthereshouldbeatleasttwopathwaysinmanformastcellstoamplifytheirownactivation-degranulationsignalsinanautocrineorparacrinemanner.Thehypothesisisthatmastcellsecretogoguesinducemastcelldegranulation,releasehistamine,thenstimulatetheadjacentmastcellsorpositivelyfeedbacktofurtherstimulateitshostmastcellsthroughH1receptor.Whereasreleasedtryptaseactssimilarlytohistamine,butactivatesmastcellsthroughitsreceptorPAR-2.Theconnectionsbetweencurrentanti-IBDtherapiesorpotentialtherapiesforIBDwithmastcellswerediscussed,implicatingfurtherthatmastcellisakeycelltypethatisinvolvedinthepathogenesisofIBD.Inconclusion,whilepathoge

简介：LongbeforethediscoveryofHelicobacterpylori,thereweremanyexcellentobservationalstudiesthatdocumenteddifferencesinthepatternsofgastroduodenaldisease.Itwasclearthatinthedevelopingworld,gastriculcerandgastriccancerweremorecommonthaninthedevelopedworldwhereduodenalulcerpredominated.Thiscorrelatedwiththedistributionofgastritisinduodenalulcerpatientswheretheinflammationwasantralpredominantwhileingastriculcerpatientsthegastritiswasmoreevenlydistributedthroughthestomach.Gastriculcersusuallyappearedinafairlyrestricteddistributioninthestomachneartheangulusandclosetothetransitionalzonebetweenantrumandbodymucosa.Asasocietydevelopedsothesepatternsofdiseasechanged.

简介：一、前言乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染在肝细胞癌（HCC）的发生发展中起重要作用。我国近年发布的《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南（2010版）》和《原发性肝癌诊疗规范（2011版）》都强调了肝癌患者抗病毒治疗的重要性，但未作深入具体阐述。《丙型肝炎防治指南（2004版）》也注意到抗病毒治疗延缓HCC的发生。有鉴于此，中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组召开了三次专题讨论会，系统收集分析了现有HCC综合治疗中抗病毒治疗的临床研究文献，回顾了HCC治疗中抗病毒药物临床应用进展，依据现有病毒相关性HCC抗病毒治疗的循证医学临床资料，综合部分专家的意见，按照循证医学证据分级的GRADE系统（表1）进行细化和补充，针对这些患者抗病毒治疗的应用达成共识，提出如下具体建议，供国内同道参考，以期在临床实践过程中依据新的临床医学证据进行修改和更新，进一步完善《原发性肝癌诊疗规范》、《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南》和《丙型肝炎防治指南》的实施。

简介：目的探讨老年非肝病患者肝功能指标的临床特征。方法纳入A组150例为〈60（46．83±6．08）岁，B组222例为60-74（65．89±4．61）岁和C组278例为〉／75（82．91±4．77）岁患者。常规检测肝功能指标。结果B组患者血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、γ谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）分别为（24．35±28．82）U／L、（36．45±34．23）U／L、（78．44±35．44）U／L，均分别高于A组的[（17．85±9．65）U／L、（28．38±22．23）U／L、（72．78±28．79）U／L，P〈0．05]和C组的[（17．72±12．05）U／L、（28-31±19．04）U／L、（70．36±20．04）U／L，P〈0．01]；血清总胆汁酸（TBA）、血清白蛋白（ALB）、血清总蛋白（TP）、血清前白蛋白（PA）水平在A、B、C组呈现出依次下降趋势（P（0．05或P〈0．01）；B组和C组基础疾病患病率分别为74．77％和179．50％，显著高于A组的32．67％（P〈0．01），合并罹患多种基础疾病的比例也随年龄呈上升趋势。结论60岁-74岁老年组肝功能异常突出，随年龄增长肝脏合成和代谢等功能降低，尤其是蛋白合成功能降低更明显，基础疾病患病率明显升高，提示临床上应慎用加重肝脏负担的药物，避免药物性肝损伤的发生，并注重营养支持治疗。