简介:本文认为,古代希伯来文学具有鲜明的悲喜剧性,具体表现为悲喜剧形象的二重性、悲喜剧结构的二重性及悲喜剧审美效应的二重性;文学的悲喜剧性源于该民族强烈的悲喜剧意识;文章将从希伯来民族对悲喜剧命运和性格的独特体认、“犹太精神”的悲喜剧审美内涵、对犹太教神学固定解释的实践理性批判三方面揭示该民族悲喜剧意识的形成原因及具体内涵,强调了特定的流浪史程、文化精神和宗教信仰的决定性作用。有关中国古典戏剧和印度梵剧理论,国内学术界已有人涉及,但对于古代希伯来民族的悲喜剧意识及在文学中的表现还缺乏认识和重视,还是正在起步的东方美学和尚未建立的犹太美学的一个空白点,所以,本文试图为希伯来文学研究提供一个新的悲喜剧美学的视点,这是在广义的戏剧性、戏剧意识、戏剧审美范畴意义上谈论问题,已经超出了一般的戏剧体裁或艺术形式范围。
简介:ItwouldnotbeanexaggerationtosaythatthecentraleventinthepoliticalhistoryofEuropeinthetwentiethcenturywastheunmakingofgreatempiresandthemakingofsuccessornationalstates.FromtheHohenzollernGermanEmpiretotheformerYugoslavia,almostallgreatmultinationalstatesofthecontinentroseandeventuallyfellintheaftermathoftheGreatWar,theSecondWorldWar,andtheColdWar.Amongallspectacularimperialcollapsesandsometimeseventheirrebuildingandre-collapse,theonce-for-allfalloftheHabsburgEmpirein1918,arelativelylightweightamongstrongEuropeanstates,appearnotespeciallysignificant.Butashistorianshaverecentlybegantorecognize,thepoliticalcultureoftheHabsburgEmpireinitslastyearsandthesuccessorstateshadexercisedadisproportionallylargeinfluenceonthemakingofmodernEuropeandtheworld.Amongtheimportantquestionsdiscussedinrecentliteraturearetheterritorialdisputesofnewnationstates,1thecultivationofscienceanddomesticlife,2politicsandideologyofliberalism,3andthemakingofmultinationalempire.4