【摘要】 目的 研究静脉麻醉药咪唑安定和异丙酚联合应用于内镜检查中的可行性和安全性。方法 ASAⅡ级以下,镇静组胃镜检查者60例、结肠镜检查者36例,同期普通胃镜60例、肠镜36例为对照组;观察在静脉麻醉下生命体征的变化、 镇静效果分级、并发症发生率以及用药总量、检查后清醒时间和离室时间,并与对照组比较。结果 镇静组效果分级在4~5级,对内镜操作无记忆,且在进境、退镜时血压、心率与入室时基本无异,而对照组在进镜时血压、心率有明显升高;两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。镇静组恶心呕吐、咳嗽、躁动、咽部不适发生率分别为0、8.3%、10%、0,而对照组分别为38%、1.7%、28%、24%;镇静组清醒时间为(7.86±2.21) min,术毕室内留滞时间为(18.25±3.56) min,而对照组室内留滞时间为(5.12±1.32) min;胃镜总用药量咪唑安定(2±0.25) mg,异丙酚(100±20) mg;肠镜用药量咪唑安定(2±0.25) mg,异丙酚(150±30) mg。结论 静脉麻醉下的内镜检查是操作简单、安全可行的,其术毕室内留滞时间较普通内镜检查稍长, 应由经验丰富的麻醉医师和内镜检查医师合作完成,检查室内应常规配备急救药品和器械,以确保安全。
【关键词】 静脉全麻; 咪唑安定; 异丙酚; 胃镜; 肠镜
Abstract:Objective Studying the feasibility and safety of joint application of midazolam and propofol during endoscopic procedures. Methods ASAⅡ class below, 60 cases of gastroscopy and 36 cases of colonscopy in sedative group were administered with intravenous midazolam and propofol, in controlling group, 60 cases of gastroscopy and 30 cases of colonscopy were treated with routine procedures; the changes of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2), the grade of sedation effect, the rate of complications (respiratory depression, blood pressure descendent, nausea, vomiting, cough and restlessness), total dose, the time of waking (eye opening in response, can answer question) the time of leaving room in sedative group were compared with controlling group . Result In sedative group, the grade of sedation effect is in 4 ~5 classes, with no memory of examination, inserting and withdrawing of the endoscopes, the change of blood pressure, and heart rate were slight. But in controlling group, blood pressure and heart rate go up obviously during examination. Comparison of the two groups (P<0.05)showed significant statistic difference. The incidence of nausea and vomiting , cough , restlessness, swallow discomfort in sedative group (0, 8.3%,10%, and 0% respectively) were remarkable lower than those in the control group (38%, 17%, 28%, and 24% respectively, P<0.05); In sedative group, awaking time was (7.86±2.21) min, the indoor staying time was 18.25±3.56 min, but in the controlled group, indoor staying time was (512±1.32) min; Gross dosage for gastroscopy: midazolam (2±0.25) mg,propofol (100±20) mg;and gross dosage for colonscopy: midazolam (2±0.25) mg,propofol (150±30) mg.Conclusion Endoscopic procedures under intravenous anesthesia was simple and safe. And the indoor staying time was slightly longer. It should be finished cooperatively by experienced clinical physicians. First aid drugs and apparatus should be prepared to insure the safety.
Key words: intravenous anesthesia; midazolam; propofol; gastroscopy; colonscopy
随着人们物质生活的改善和对生活质量要求的提高,近年来对于常规的消化道内镜检查,“无痛”已成为患者能接受该项检查或治疗的首要条件,这给以“起效迅速苏醒快”为优势的静脉麻醉开辟了新的业务空间。本研究采用咪唑安定和异丙酚配伍应用于内镜检查的患者,观察术中呼吸、循环指标以及术后清醒时间,并与同期普通内镜检查进行对照,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 96例要求接受“无痛”内镜检查的患者,其中胃镜60 例,肠镜36 例;男69 例,女27 例,年龄15~79岁。ASA分级Ⅱ级以下。随机选择同期普通内镜检查患者96例,胃镜60例,肠镜36例为对照组。
1.2 方法 患者治疗前均经过胃肠道准备,排除禁忌证;麻醉医师常规访视病人,作出评估;年龄大于60岁者做心电图检查排除心血管系统疾患。患者入室后开放静脉、接三通;常规测血压、氧饱和度,进行心电监护。在静脉开放后即给予阿托品0.25 mg,其目的是止泌、减少胃肠蠕动、预防性提升心率;根据需要摆放体位,鼻导管给氧,静脉给予咪唑安定(0.02~0.06)mg/kg(徐州恩华药业产),缓慢静注,注速1 mg/30 s,然后给异丙酚(1~1.5) mg/kg(美国雅培产),作为首量,快速静脉补液;观察患者,待出现睫毛反射消失,呼之不应,呼吸、心率、血压等基本平稳时可插镜操作,术中根据需要分次注射异丙酚。待内镜操作基本结束,开始退镜时停注麻醉药品。清醒后回访患者对操作过程有无记忆并加以记录。
1.3 监测 病人入室后连续监测心率、氧饱和度和血压,取入室、进镜、退镜后3个时点记录,记录镇静效果分级、并发症发生率(呼吸抑制、血压下降以及恶心、呕吐、咳嗽和躁动)以及用药总量、检查后清醒时间(呼之睁眼、可回答问题)和术毕离室时间。对照组患者不用任何静脉药,入室连续监测心率、血压、氧饱和度,取入室、进镜、退镜3个时点记录,同时记录并发症发生率和术毕离室时间。
1.4 麻醉镇静效果分级 采用Ramsay分级法,要完全抑制咽喉反射,往往需要深至5~6级的镇静,目前的内镜镇静术多维持在3级以上水平。
1.5 统计学处理 所有计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,采用SPSS10.0统计软件进行统计学处理。组内比较用配对t检验,组间比较用团体t检验,率的比较用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有显著性。
2 结果
96例观察组患者均在静脉麻醉下完成内镜操作,镇静效果分级在4~5级,对内镜操作无记忆,回访满意率100%。胃镜总用药量咪唑安定(2±025)mg,异丙酚(100±20)mg;肠镜用药量咪唑安定(2±025)mg,异丙酚(150±30)mg;
2.1 检查前后两组的血压、心率、氧饱和度的变化两组患者血压、心率、氧饱和度在入室均无差别,观察组在进境、退镜时血压、心率明显较对照组平稳,与入室相比偏低。对照组在进镜时血压、心率较入室时有明显升高,见表1。
表1 两组患者血压、心率和血氧饱和度的变化(略)
Tab.1 Variations of SBP, DBP, HR, SpO2 in the two groups
与观察组比较:*P<0.05; 与入室比较: #P<0.05(t检验)
2.2 不良反应观察组中有12例氧饱和度下降,最低达92%,经轻托下颏即好转;血压下降均未达入室血压的20%,未经任何处理。胃镜检查中有3例发生呃逆,5例咳嗽,检查完毕即停止,无需处理;对照组胃镜中有较多患者发生恶心、呕吐、咳嗽、躁动、咽部不适感,唾液分泌明显增多,有一例患者2周后改做无痛胃镜。肠镜患者均有不同程度疼痛,其中有2例肌注强痛定后得以完成。见表2。
2.3 清醒时间和离室时间观察组患者在停药后(7.86±2.21)min清醒,多数在检查完毕呼之即可睁眼;清醒后言语清晰、回答问题准确,对检查过程不能回忆。在检查完毕室内留滞时间为(18.25±3.56)min,而对照组在室内留滞时间为(5.12±1.32)min,差异具有显著性(P<0.05) 。
表2 两组患者并发症比较 (略)
Tab.2 Comparison of complications of the two groups
与对照组比较:*P<0.05(χ2检验)