五曰古(primitive and plain;primitive and elegant)
“然粗率疑于古朴”“而古雅自见”,这两句说明“古”的含义是“古朴”(primitive and plain)“古雅”(primitive and elegant)的音乐风格,与“时调”(the fashionable tune)相对。“时调”的特点是“声争而媚耳”(The tune seduces people with its noisiness),“疾速”(rapid);“古”的特点是“音澹而会心”(a plain music but it can move people)“延缓”(slow)。同时作者还强调“粗率”(being rough and careless)“疏慵”(to play the music slowly and without emotion)“似疑于古,而实病于古”,所以“必融其粗率,振其疏慵”。最后,作者还进一步说明“古”的意境就是“宛在深山空邃谷,老木寒泉,风声簌簌,令人有遗世独立之思”(The music makes people feel as ifin the high mountain and deep valley and see the old woods, touch the icy spring, hear the blowing of the wind and feel like flying away from the worldly.)。
六曰澹(plain;elegant;unsophistic-
ated)
“澹”是一种“淡泊”(not to seek fame and wealth)“平淡”(plain)“孤高岑寂”(to have a too high taste to be understood by others)的审美情趣。这种审美情趣有三种含义:一是“不入歌舞场中”“不杂丝竹伴内”,即不能用来作为“娱乐工具”(a means for entertainment);二是“祛邪而存正,黜俗而归雅,舍媚而还淳”,即它应是“正统的”(decent)“高雅的”(elegant)“淳朴的”(unsophisticated);三是“山居深静”“绝去炎嚣”“焚香静对”,即它应是“清高孤傲”(aloof from political and material pursuits)“不媚俗”(not vulgar)的。
七曰恬(pleasing)
“恬”也是一种审美情趣,这种审美情趣是以“恬”这种气味来形容的。“操至妙来则可澹,澹至妙来则生恬”,所以“恬”应是弹琴达到一种境界后自然产生的“愉悦感”(pleasing)。但是这种境界应是“兴到而不自纵,气到而不自豪。情到而不自扰,意到而不自浓”,它让人产生的感觉是“不味而味”(The music has no taste but feels like tasty.)“不馥而馥”( The music has no fragrance but feels like fragrant.)。就像“水中之乳泉”(the sweetest water)“蕊中之兰”(the most fragrant flower)。
八曰逸(free from vulgarity;elegant;moral)
“逸”在这里指的是演奏者的品德与修养。“有一种安闲自如之景象,尽显潇洒不群之天趣”,所以“逸”有“脱俗的”(free from vulgarity)“高雅的”(elegant)“有德行的”(moral)等含义;“其人必具超逸之品,故自发超逸之音”(The man who can play the music transcending the worldly must have the morality free from the material pursuit. ),演奏者的品德与修养对其演奏音乐的好坏具有重要作用,所以必须“先养其度,而次养其指”(to cultivate the player’s morality before practicing his skills in playing)。
九曰雅(elegant)
“雅”指的是一种“高雅的”(elegant)风格,当演奏者的个人修养、仪态、心理都达到理想状态,能够体会到“静”“远”“淡”“逸”四字时,就能达到高雅的境界。这种高雅并不仅仅是指音乐,它还应该包括演奏者的个人修养、品德、心理、仪态以及自然环境所产生的综合效果,所以“雅”是古琴音乐文化的总体概括。
一十曰丽(beautiful; sweet and elegant; impressing)