河南周口市郸城县第一高级中学王一昕
众所周知,虚拟语气与真实语气相反,表示说话人的建议、假设、愿望,很多同学对此很头痛,而不表示客观存在的事实。在日常的教学中,我是用“一二三四五”,这样一种方式进行分类记忆的。但愿大家读完后,虚拟语气会有所进步,思路会变得清晰。
一、一个句式:Itishigh/abouttimethat…
该结构往往用来表示早该做而未做的事情。从句中的动词常常使用过去式。从句谓语通常用过去式表示(早)该干某事了
注意:有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见,且should不能省略)
It’stimewewent/weregoing/shouldgo.我们该走了。
Itishightimethatwewenttobed.我们早该去睡觉了。
Itistimethatthechildrenhadlunch/shouldhavelunch.这些孩子真该吃午饭去了。
Itisabouttimethatyougavethelittlegirlahand.你该帮帮这个小女孩。
注意:该结构不可混淆“Itistimeforsth”或者“Itistimeforsbtodosth”,意为“是某人做什么的时间了”。
Itistimeforclass.到上课的时候了。
Itistimeforhertoanswerthequestion.是该她回答问题的时候了。
二、两个词组:第一组以w开头的短语wish和wouldrather,第二组都含有单词if,ifonly和asif,仔细观察后,不难发现它们的虚拟均是“从句都往过去推一个时态”。
Wewishwehadlargewings.我们希望能有双大大的翅膀。
Hewishedhehadn'tsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。
IwishIrememberedhisE-mail.我真希望记住他的电子邮箱。
Iwouldratheryouhadn’ttoldmethetruth.我宁愿你没有把真相告诉我。
Ifonlyonehadanunlimitedsupplyofmoney!要是财源不断就好了!
IfonlyIhadanotherchancetostudyGerman.要是我再有一次学习德语的机会就好了。
Ifeltasifmyheartwouldburstwithjoy.我觉得自己高兴得心花怒放。
Itlooksasifshe'sgoneawayforafewdays.好像她已出去好几天了。
Hebehavesasifhehadnocommonsense.他的言行就好像没有常识似的。
注意:wouldrather后如果接动词要加动词原形,关键要看后面有没有主语。
Iwouldratherstayathomealone.我宁愿独自呆在家。
Iwouldratherdiethanliveindisgrace.我宁可死,也不愿忍辱偷生。
三、If虚拟条件句分三种时态:与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。
特别注意:
1.would/should/could/might主句谓语中的should主要用于第一人称后;would表示结果还表示过去经常常常做某事,might表示可能性,could表示能力、允许或可能性。
2.错综时间虚拟条件句,即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句即指的是现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对时态作相应的调整:
Ifithadrainedheavilylastnight,thegroundwouldbewetnow.要是昨晚下大雨的话,现在地面就会是湿的。
Youwouldbemuchbetternowifyouhadfollowedthedoctor’sadvice.假若你当时听医生的话,你现在就会好多了。
3.与将来相反的虚拟条件句,是高考的一个出题方向,因为它不仅涉及到虚拟,还有倒装和强调涵盖其中(If虚拟条件句的倒装形式,即把if省略,把were,had,should置于句首),同学们要多加慎重。(09天津15)
Thisprinterisofgoodquality.Ifit_______breakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.
A.wouldB.shouldC.couldD.might
该题应选B项,还可以加强点难度。
Thisprinterisofgoodquality._______itbreakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.
A.WouldB.ShouldC.CouldD.Might
此时仍应选择B项。
如果改为下题呢?
Thisprinterisofgoodquality._______ittobreakdownwithinthefirstyear,wewouldrepairitatourexpense.
A.WouldB.ShouldC.CouldD.Were
此时答案应为D项。
Hadtheboyworkedharder,hetheexams.
A.musthavegotthrough
B.couldgetthrough
C.oughttogetthrough
D.wouldhavegotthrough
属于与过去相反的虚拟行列,从句省略了if,had提在主语前面倒装了,所以主句应为would/should/could/might+havedone的形式,答案应为D项。
四、四种动词:表“建议,命令,请求,敦促”后跟的宾语从句,或者它们对应的名词相关的各种名词性从句,常常使用should+V原,should可以省略。
(建议advise,suggest,propose,recommend命令order,command请求demand,require,request敦促urge)
Isuggestyounotbuysony.我建议你别买索尼的。
TheyrequiredthatI(should)gotheretonight.他们要求我今晚到那里去。
Iurgethatemployersandemployeesworktogether,tobuildupmutualunderstandingsoastohelptidethemoverthesedifficulttimes.目前最重要的,就是雇主和雇员能更多沟通协调,彼此体谅,共渡困境。
Thedoctorstronglyrecommendedthathetakeaholiday.医生竭力劝他去休假。
注意:suggest后面接动词时,要跟动名词形式;只有在表示建议时而且后面加句子,才使用虚拟语气。当suggest做“暗示、表明”讲时,就不使用虚拟了。
Hiswordssuggested(that)hewasunhappy.他的话语表明他不快活。
类似的还有insist。
SheinsistedthatIwaswrongandthatIshouldmakeapublicapologytothem.她坚持认为我错了并且要求我想他们公开道歉。(前半句做“坚持认为”未用虚拟;后半句做“坚决要求”使用了虚拟)
JohninsistedthatIbepresent.约翰坚持要我出席。(坚决要求)
Heinsistedon/uponmygoingwithhim.(坚决主张;一定要)他坚持要我跟他一起去。
Iinsistonseeingit.我一定要见到它。
五、五个常见含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句,而通过其他手段来代替条件句。
Iwasbusythatday.Otherwise,Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeet.(副词Otherwise)
=Iwouldhavetakenpartinthesportsmeet,butIwasbusythatday.
Hetelephonedtoinformmeofyourbirthday,orIwouldhaveknownnothingaboutit.(连词or)
Amanwhostoppeddrinkingwaterwouldbedeadinaboutsevendays.(定语从句)
Without/butforelectricityhumanlifewouldbequitedifficulttoday.(介词)
Everythingtakenintoaccount,theywouldhaveraisedtheirsalaryquickly.(独立主格结构)
虚拟语气专题强化训练
1.Ididn’tseeyoursisterattheparty.Ifshe_____,shewouldhavemetmybrother.
A.hascomeB.didcome
C.cameD.hadcome
2.It’sunlikelythatitwillraintomorrow.Butifit_________,Iwouldstillgotothepark.
A.shouldrainB.wouldrain
C.rainsD.hadrained
3.Hadyoulistenedtothedoctor,you____allrightnow.
A.areB.wereC.wouldbeD.wouldhavebeen
4._______,hewouldhavepassedtheexam.
A.IfheweretostudyB.Ifhestudiedhard
C.HadhestudiedhardD.Shouldhestudyhard
5.Thepilotkeptcalmintheterriblestorm,otherwiseanaccident________.
A.couldn’tbeprevented
B.mustn’thaveprevented
C.wouldn’thavebeenprevented
D.shouldn’tprevent
6.Withouthishelp,we___suchrapidprogress.
A.don'tmakeB.wouldnotmake
C.didn'tmakeD.wouldnothavemade
7.IfonlyI____tomyparents'advice!
A.listeningB.listen
C.amlisteningD.hadlistened
8.TheparentsoftheboyinsistedthatDr.Smith______theirsonand______inchargeoftheoperation.
A.treated;shouldbeB.shouldtreat;be
C.treat;wasD.wouldtreat;wouldbe
9.Mysuggestionisthatwe_____afewmoreassistantstohelptheengineerworkingbusilyonthemachine.
A.sendsB.sending
C.tosendD.send
10.HowIwisheveryfamily_____alargehousewithabeautifulgarden!
A.hasB.hadC.willhaveD.hadhad
11.He______havecompletedhiswork;otherwise,hewouldn’tbeenjoyinghimselfbytheseaside.
A.shouldB.mustC.wouldn’tD.can’t
12.Whatwouldhavehappened______,asfarastheriverbank?
A.Bobhadwalkedfarther
B.IfBobshouldwalkfarther
C.HadBobwalkedfarther
D.IfBobwalkedfarther
13.Agroupwasformedtodemandthatthebuscompany_____itsunfairpracticesandMrKingwasmadepresident.
A.wouldchangeB.change
C.changedD.tochange
14.Shouldgreenplantsdisappearsomeday,_____ontheearth.
A.therewillhardlybeanylife
B.therewillbenolife
C.theremusthavebeennolife
D.therewouldhardlybeanylife
15._____fired,yourhealthcareandotherbenefitswillnotbeimmediatelycutoff.
A.WouldyoubeB.Shouldyoube
C.CouldyoubeD.Mightyoube
16.Theteacherorderedalotofexercises_____threeday’stime.
A.befinishedB.、wouldbefinished
C.tofinishD.beingfinished
17.Butforyourtimelyhelp,theboy_____hislife.
A.willlosB.hassurelylost
C.mighthavelostD.shouldn’thavelost
18.Isuggestedthere____beakindoflanguageallcouldunderstandanduse____.
A.can;itB./;/C.would;itD.may;/
19.Ifitwerenotforthefactthatyou_____ill,Iwouldaskyoutodothisrightnow.
A.wereB.hadbeenC.AreD.shouldbe
20.____yousucceedand_____youbehappy!
A.May,mayB.Wish,wish
C.Hope,hopeD.Should,may
Keys:1.D2.A3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D10.B11.A12.C13.B14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.C20.A