PLC及变频器在恒压供水控制系统改造中的实施对策

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2022-07-14
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PLC及变频器在恒压供水控制系统改造中的实施对策

吴柱润

佛山水务环保股份有限公司广东佛山 528000

摘要:随着我国社会经济的高速发展和现代科技的快速进步和城市化建设水平不断加深,城市人口数量的不断增长,越来越多的人走向高层或超高层建筑居住,对城市、乡镇日常供水品质提出了更高的要求。供水过程中,用户管网水压是至关重要的供水品质参数之一。一套自动化程度高、性能可靠、功能稳定的的供水系统,不仅可以提高供水品质,减少值班人员操作、维护工作量,同时可以提高系统运行可靠性和减少维护成本。本文通过简述PLC和变频器的组成及主要功能,结合某俱乐部供水泵房系统改造,阐述PLC及变频器在恒压供水控制系统改造当中的实施对策。

关键词:PLC;变频器;恒压供水;变频恒压供水控制系统

一、PLC的组成及主要功能简述

  1. PLC的组成:PLC(全称Programmable Logic Controller)可编程逻辑控制器主要包括电源模块作用是提供PLC内部电路电源)中央处理器作用是处理和运行用户程序,进行逻辑和数学运算,协调整个控制系统、存储器(作用是存放系统程序、用户程序、逻辑变量)、输入单元(数字量输入DI、模拟量输入AI,作用是接收主令元件、检测元件传来的信号)、输出单元(数字量输出DO、模拟量输出AO,作用是把PLC的输出信号传送给被控设备)
  2. PLC的主要功能运算功能包括逻辑运算、计时和计数功能、数据移位、比较、代数运算、数据传送、模拟量的PID运算等);控制功能包括PID控制运算、前馈补偿控制运算、比值控制运算等);通信功能通信协议符合ISO/IEEE通信标准,支持多种现场总线和标准通信协议如TCP/IP,可与工厂管理网TCP/IP相连接

二、变频器的组成及主要功能简述

  1. 频器的组成:变频器(Variable-frequency Drive,简写VFD)是一种利用电力半导体器件的通/断作用,将工频电源变换为另一频率的电能控制装置。间接式(又称交-直-交)变频器主要由整流(交流变直流)、滤波、逆变(直流变交流)、控制单元(微处理制动、驱动、检测单元等组成。
  2. 变频器的功能:主要功能有软起动、无级调速、自动控制和多重保护等功能。通过改变电机工作电源电压、频率,可以实现电机的软起动、无极调速功能;根据内、外部信号检测及内部参数设定运算结果,实现自动控制和多重保护功能。

三、变频恒压供水控制系统原理

变频恒压供水控制系统的原理:通过对安装在用户端供水管网上的压力仪表的压力信号(4~20mA或0~10V)实时采集,将信号反馈到可编程控制器(PLC)AI输入端,可编程控制器将反馈到的压力信息P与设定压力值SP进行对比,差值e通过PLC内部PID运算,将运算结果h经过PLC的AO输出端到变频器的AI给定控制端,变频器根据输入信号电流(或电压)h的大小,调整控制变频器的输出电压、频率,改变水泵电机转速,实现对管网水压实时调节的目的。变频恒压供水控制系统控制方块图如下图1.1

图1.1 变频恒压供水控制系统控制方块图1.1

四、PLC与变频器在变频恒压供水控制系统改造当中的实施对策

某乡村俱乐部供水泵房,原设计为四台水泵,其中两台生活用水泵,两台消防用水泵,分别一用一备;两座清水池至水泵设有四条吸水管、四台水泵两条出水总管,经管网分别至两座高位水池,由高位水池分别提供整个俱乐部生活用水和消防用水。电气控制方面,四台水泵电机采用自耦降压起动方式,操作方式是值班人员根据高位水池水位,通过操作对应启动柜面板上的按钮起/停水泵。

改造方案:取消两座高位水池,对原来由清水池至水泵的四条吸水管和两条由水泵至管网的出水管进行改造,改造成分南、北两片区供水。每个片区分别设五台主泵和一台副泵、一个气压罐。用水量正常时,用户管网水压采用主泵和副泵调节,夜间用水量减小时,采用副泵变频运行进行保压。电气控制系统改造为由一套PLC柜、两套水泵控制柜及检测仪表等组成的变频恒压供水控制系统。

  1. PLC柜柜内元器件组成:包括两套西门子S7-200系列可编程控制器。每套可编程控制器由S7-226CPU模块1块、EM235模拟量模块3块 EM223扩展模块1块稳压电源1块、人机界面(安装在水泵变频控制柜上)等组成
  2. 以北区水泵变频控制柜为例(南区水泵变频控制柜原理同),水泵变频控制柜一次、二次原理图如下图1.2a及图1.2b

北区水泵变频控制柜一次原理图1.2a

北区水泵变频控制柜一次原理图1.2b

  1. 检测仪表:包括两座清水池液位计2台、四条吸水管上的压力传感器4台、出水管气压罐上的管网水压力传感器2台
  2. 自动恒压供水控制系统控制方式:

控制系统设“手动”和“自动”两种控制方式,由SA2位置选择。两台变频器一用一备,选用哪一台变频器由SA1位置选择。控制回路带互锁功能,每次只能使用一台来起动一台水泵电机,只能一台水泵变频运行。

(1)手动方式:分“控制柜手动”及“触摸屏手动”控制两种,分别通过操作控制柜上按钮或触摸屏触摸按钮操作。主要用于设备调试或自控系统出现问题时非正常工作模式应急处理。手动方式下,值班人员需要根据泵房设备状况,尤其是用户端供水管网上的压力,判别起/停的水泵和数量并调节变频运行水泵的频率。

(2)自动方式:系统正常工作模式采用“自动”控制方式。

起/停水泵原则:控制系统根据PLC收集的信息及每台水泵运行次数,遵循“先入先出,后入后出”的原则,需要起/停水泵时,自行判别起/停的水泵。

恒压原理:系统PLC根据收集到的用户管网水压,与设定的压力值进行比较,差值进行PID运算,运算结果根据所编写程序控制逻辑,由PLC数字量DO通过中间继电器控制起/停水泵及水泵数量,由PLC通过模拟量AO输出的4~20mA信号控制变频器运行频率,改变变频运行水泵速度,达成自动恒压供水目的。

  1. 自动恒压供水控制系统控制的优点及存在不足:

优点:系统设置了两台变频器,有效减少因一台变频器故障,造成系统不能正常运行的情况;可以根据水泵运行次数,自动判别起/停的水泵,减少某台水泵长期使用的情况,延长水泵电机及控制设备的寿命;管网水压检测仪表,安装在气压罐上,可以减少水泵启/停时对压力表冲击,提高系统稳定性;大小水泵搭配,可以减小夜间用水低峰期能耗。

存在不足:控制系统不够完善,未加装上位机组态软件和闭路电视系统,不能实时监视泵房内设备的运行情况,还需要值班人员定时实地巡检。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

结束语:

    结合上述文章内容所述,以及对某俱乐部供水泵房改造当中技术进行分析可以发现,PLC及变频器应用在变频恒压供水控制系统,能够增强整个系统的自动化及水平,降低工作值班人员的劳动量,同时还可以延长电器设备的使用寿命,减少维修费用,节约电力能源,也能够减轻电动机频繁启动,减小对电网的冲击。

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