简介：分别地，发生在北京和天津的二下得很大的冰雹被调查，主要基于系统dAlerteFondre同等InterferometricRadioelecctrique(SAFIR3000)观察的全部的闪电数据，一个CG闪电地点系统的cloud-to-ground(CG)闪电数据，并且一架Doppler雷达的回响数据。两下得很大的冰雹展出了二座闪电频率山峰：第一在hailfall前，第二在hailfall以后，与比第一大的第二座山峰。CG闪电的主导的极性在在第一座频率山峰附近的阶段是积极的，但是改变了到在在第二座频率山峰附近的阶段否定。雷达回响的进化和闪电放射来源的高度分发被探索，表明下得很大的冰雹有更强壮的传送对流，主要正电荷发生在在在第一座频率山峰附近的阶段期间的中间的层次。然而，虽然北京下得很大的冰雹经历了传送对流的改进，与在在第二座频率山峰附近的上面的层次的主要正电荷，当传送对流不停地变弱，主要正电荷落下到中间降低层次时，天津下得很大的冰雹在时期期间产生了它的第二座频率山峰。通过雷达参数的评估，我们调查为活跃闪电分泌物的第二个阶段负责的机制。而且，闪电活动与雷达回响参数和hailfall展出了一种靠近的关系。闪电跳信号在hailfall前被发现并且与1.87ogic网孔在15tions上面与40-dBZ回响卷的变化比率被联系如果反对???？？

简介：Invoking45-yrdailyEuropeanCentreforMedium-rangeWeatherForecasts(ECMWF)reanalysisdata,firstlyallthesuddenstratosphericwarming(SSW)eventsareselectedintheseyears,whichcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:downward-propagatingeventandnon-downward-propagatingevent.Andthen,basedonpotentialvorticitydistributiononisentropicsurfaces(IPV),temperaturefield,andzonalwindfield,adetaileddescriptionoftheSSWoccurringduringthewinter-spring(DecemberandthefollowingJanuary,February,March)in2000-01and2001-02isgiven.Finally,theevolvementofpolarvortexduringwarmingprocessandtheimpactofwarmingontropospherearediscussed.Itisfoundthat(1)thereisinter-decadalvariationforstratosphericwarmingphenomenon;(2)theSSWeventlastingfromlateJanuarytillearlyMarchin2001canpropagatedownwardtotroposphere;(3)duringthisSSW,thereiszonal-meaneasterlywindsinbothstratosphereandtroposphere;(4)thetwowarmingeventsduringDecember2001andMarch2002cannotpropagatedownwardtotroposphere,whilezonaleasterlywindsonlyappearinstratosphere;and(5)intheprocessofthetwotypesofwarming,alongandnarrowhigh-valueIPV'tongue'extendsoutfrommainpolarvortex,whichbreaksoutthegradientofIPV.Comparedwiththenon-downward-propagatingstratosphericwarmingcase,thehighestvalueofIPVdepartsfartherfrompoleandthe'tongue'islongerandnarrowerduringthedownward-propagatingwarmingevent.Pinchedbyanticyclonefrommiddlelatitude,thestratosphericpolarvortexwilldisplace,distortorbreakdown.Bycontrast,thechangeofpolarvortexisgreaterinthecourseofdownward-propagatingwarmingevent.Also,tropospherecirculationandpolarvortexevolveindifferentdegree,andusuallybothofthemgowithblocking,buttheaboveevolvementinthedownward-propagatingwarmingismoredistinct.

简介：紫外(紫外)放射穿上重要效果生态系统，环境，和人的健康，以及大气的过程和气候变化。二紫外放射数据集在这份报纸被描述。一个人时时包含从2005～2015在40个中国生态系统研究网络车站测量的紫外放射的观察。CUV3宽带辐射计被用来观察紫外放射，与5%的精确性，它满足世界气象学组织测量标准。极值方法被用来控制测量数据集的质量。另外的数据集包含用与一个混合模型相结合的一个所有天空评价模型是计算的每天累积的紫外放射估计。从1961～2014的重建的每天紫外的放射数据跨度。吝啬的绝对偏爱错误和root-mean-square错误至多比30%小吝啬的偏爱错误价值的车站，和大多数是否定的，它显示紫外放射紧张的低估。这些数据集能在紫外放射改进我们空间、时间的变化的基本知识。另外，这些数据集能在潜力的研究被使用臭氧形成和大气的氧化，以及生态的进程的模拟。

简介：为了更好吸收，推进了初学者运作垂直更健全(ATOVS)发光数据并且为一个数字模型，提供更精确的起始的领域二个偏爱修正计划被采用改正ATOVS发光数据。在二个计划的差别在空气团偏爱修正躺在预言者使用。在计划1使用的预言者都从模型被获得第一猜测，当在计划2的那些来自第一猜测的模型和发光观察时。从二个计划的结果证明在偏爱修正以后，观察剩余变得对Gaussian分布更小、更靠近。为土地和海洋数据集合，从计划1获得的结果类似于从计划2的那些，它显示预言者能在ATOVS数据的偏爱修正被使用。

简介：ＥＮＥＲＧＥＴＩＣＤＩＡＧＮＯＳＩＳＦＯＲＴＷＯＫＩＮＤＳＯＦＬＯＷＬＥＶＥＬＪＥＴＳＷａｎｇＺｈｏｎｇｘｉｎｇ（汪钟兴）（矫梅燕）（１．ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥａｒｔｈａｎｄＳｐａｃｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄ...

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简介：我们调查了之间的差别同温层(S类型)并且在intraseasonal时间的tropospheric(T类型)北极摆动(AO)事件可伸缩，以他们对表面空气温度的影响(坐)在北半球和与他们的空间结构联系的动态特征上。S类型AO事件证明一个平流层对流层联合了结构，当T类型事件展出了一个平流层对流层时解开的结构。在北半球上的环形的容纳的异例被发现与S类型AO事件被联系，而如此的一个环形的特征是实质地在T类型AO事件的destructed。在二种类型的对流层的不同水平结构能主要被归因于强迫的短暂旋涡反馈。至于Ttype事件的垂直地解开的结构，把他们区分开来与S类型事件的内在的动态特征在地带地限制的Rossby波浪的垂直繁殖躺着。在T类型事件，在一垂直波导存在的地方，地带地限制的Rossby波浪包能在东北亚洲上从重要高度异例发出，然后向上宣传进平流层。相反，如此的垂直繁殖不为S类型事件是明显的。在T类型事件从对流层与地带地限制的Rossby波浪的向上的注射联系的同温层的异例能进一步通过在climatological想PW和异常PW之间的干扰导致行星的波浪(PW)的异常垂直繁殖，导致最后的平流层对流层T类型事件的解开的结构。

简介：TwofieldexperimentswereperformedinordertodissipatethefogatWuqingDistrictofTianjininNovemberandDecemberof2009.Hygroscopicparticleswereseededtodissipatefogdropletson6-7November,2009.Liquidnitrogen(LN)wasseededintothenaturalsupercooledfogintheexperimentsof30November–1December,2009.Significantresponsewasfoundafterseeding.Significantchangeswereobservedinthemicrostructureoffoginthefieldexperiments.Theoffogdropletchangeddramatically;itincreasedfirstandthendecreasedafterseeding.RemarkablevariationalsowasfoundintheLiquidWaterContent(LWC)andinthesizeoffogdroplet.TheDropletSizeDistribution(DSD)offogbroadenedduringtheseedingexperiments.TheDSDbecamenarrowaftertheseedingended.Afterseeding,thedropletswerefoundtobeatdifferentstagesofgrowth,resultinginatransformofDSDbetweenunimodaldistributionandbimodaldistribution.TheDSDwasunimodalbeforeseedingandthenbimodalduringtheseedingexperiment.Finally,theDSDbecameunimodallydistributedonceagain.

简介：Arightannualcycleisofcriticalimportanceforamodeltoimproveitsseasonalpredictionskill.ThisworkassessestheperformanceoftheGrid-pointAtmosphericModelofIAPLASG(GAMIL)inretrospectivepredictionoftheglobalprecipitationannualmodesforthe1980-2004period.Theannualmodesaregaugedbyathree-parametermetrics:thelong-termannualmeanandtwomajormodesofannualcycle(AC),namely,asolstitialmodeandanequinoctialasymmetricmode.TheresultsdemonstratethattheGAMILone-monthleadpredictionisbasicallyabletocapturethemajorpatternsofthelong-termannualmeanaswellasthefirstACmode(thesolstitialmonsoonmode).TheGAMILhasdeficienciesinreproducingthesecondACmode(theequinoctialasymmetricmode).ThemagnitudeoftheGAMILpredictiontendstobegreaterthantheobservedprecipitation,especiallyintheseaareasincludingtheArabianSea,theBayofBengal(BOB),andthewesternNorthPacific(WNP).Thesebiasesmaybeduetounderestimationoftheconvectiveactivitypredictedinthetropics,especiallyoverthewesternPacificwarmpool(WPWP)anditsneighboringareas.Itissuggestedthatamoreaccurateparameterizationofconvectioninthetropics,especiallyintheMaritimeContinent,theWPWPanditsneighboringareas,maybecriticalforreproducingthemorerealisticannualmodes,sincetheenhancementofconvectiveactivityovertheWPWPanditsvicinitycaninducesuppressedconvectionovertheWNP,theBOB,andtheSouthIndianOceanwheretheGAMILproducesfalselyvigorousconvections.MoreeffortsareneededtoimprovethesimulationnotonlyinmonsoonseasonsbutalsointransitionalseasonswhenthesecondACmodetakesplace.Selectionoftheone-tierorcoupledatmosphere-oceansystemmayalsoreducethesystematicerroroftheGAMILprediction.TheseresultsoffersomereferencesforimprovementoftheGAMILseasonalpredictionskill.

简介：ThetropicalPacifichasbeguntoexperienceanewtypeofElNio,whichhasoccurredparticularlyfrequentlyduringthelastdecade,referredtoasthecentralPacific(CP)ElNio.Variouscoupledmodelswithdifferentdegreesofcomplexityhavebeenusedtomakereal-timeElNiopredictions,buthighuncertaintystillexistsintheirforecasts.ItremainsunknownastohowmuchofthisuncertaintyisspecificallyrelatedtothenewCP-typeElNioandhowmuchiscommontoboththistypeandtheconventionalEasternPacific(EP)-typeElNio.Inthisstudy,thedeterministicperformanceofanElNio–SouthernOscillation(ENSO)ensemblepredictionsystemisexaminedforthetwotypesofElNio.EnsemblehindcastsarerunforthenineEPElNioeventsandtwelveCPElNioeventsthathaveoccurredsince1950.Theresultsshowthat(1)theskillscoresfortheEPeventsaresignificantlybetterthanthosefortheCPevents,atallleadtimes;(2)thesystematicforecastbiasescomemostlyfromthepredictionoftheCPevents;and(3)thesystematicerrorischaracterizedbyanoverlywarmeasternPacificduringthespringseason,indicatingastrongerspringpredictionbarrierfortheCPElNio.Furtherimprovementstocoupledatmosphere–oceanmodelsintermsofCPElNiopredictionshouldberecognizedasakeyandhigh-prioritytaskfortheclimatepredictioncommunity.

简介：Inthispaper,twosnowfallcasesunderdifferentweatherconditionsinnorthernChinaaresimulatedbyusingthemesoscalemodelMM5.Two-waynestingstructureofdomainsisdesignedforeachcase.AmongtheexplicitschemesofMM5,theReisnergraupelschemeisselectedtodescribethemicrophysicalprocess.Thesimulatedsnow-bandsoftwocasesarebasicallyconsistentwithobservations.Thesimulatedresultsofmicrophysicalprocessesaremainlydiscussed.Thehydrometeorsandtheirsourcesandsinksunderdifferentweatherbackgroundsaredescribed.Thefeedbackeffectsofmicrophysicalprocessesonthethermalanddynamicprocessesarealsodiscussed.Methodthatoutputstheaccumulativesourcesandsinksperhourisusedtoanalyzethedistributioncharacteristicsofhydrometeorsduringthestrongestsnowfallperiod.Twosensitivitytests(calledheattestanddragtest)areconductedtoexaminetheeffectsofmicrophysicalpro-cessesoncloudproducedbythelatentheatanddragforce.Resultshaveshownthatthedistributionofparticleshasacloserelationwithtemperature.Thetem-peratureofBeijingsnowfallisunder0℃andthereexistvaporandsolidphaseparticles,whileLiaoningsnowfallhasvapor,liquid,andsolidphaseparticlesduetothewarmtemperature.Thedistributionoftheseparticlesisnotthesameatdifferentdevelopmentstages.Fromtheanalysesofthecharacteristicsofsourcesandsinks,itisfoundthatsnowismainlyproducedbythedepositionandaccretionwithice.Cloudwateriscrucialtograupel.Themeltingofice-phaseparticlesenhancestherainproduction.Theresultsofheattestsanddragtestsrevealthatthemicrophysicalprocesseshaveinteractedwiththedynamicandthermalprocesses.Latentheatreleaseofhydrometeorsfeedsbackpositivelyonsnowfallwhilethedragforcenot.Atlast,comparisonsofsimulatedresultshavebeendonebetweenthetwodifferentkindsofsnowfallcases.ThemicrophysicalprocessesofLiaoningsnowfallcaseismorecomplicatedthanthoseofBe

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简介：Ｔｗｏ－ｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈＬｉｄａｒＭｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｌｏｕｄ－ａｅｒｏｓｏｌＯｐｔｉｃａｌＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓＱｉｕＪｉｎｈｕａｎ（邱金桓）（ＩｎｓｈｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃ...

简介：Ananalysisofhigh-resolutionprecipitationdatafor1978-2006indicatesthattheprecipitationoversouthernChinainJuneexperiencedalow-valueperiodin1980-1989andahigh-valueperiodin1992-2001.Italsorevealsthatexceptionalheavy(light)precipitationoccurredinJune2005(2004)since1951.Forthesevariationsonbothinterdecadalandinterannualtimescales,fairlyuniformanomaliesofprecipitationappearedoverVietnam,southernChina,andsoutheasternChina.Correspondingtopositive(negative)precipitationanomalies,anomaloussoutheasterly(northwesterly)flowat850hPareachedVietnamandanomaloussouthwesterly(northeasterly)flowexpandedtothecoastalregionsofsouthernandsoutheasternChina.Precedenttothepositive(negative)precipitationanomaliesduring1992-2001(1980-1989),positive(negative)anomaliesofseasurfacetemperatureappearedovertheextratropicalnorthwesternPacificinthewinterandspringseasons,associatedwithastrong(weak)extensionofthewarmKuroshioCurrentthataffectsthecoastalregionofeasternChina.Theabove-normalprecipitationinJune2005wasassociatedwiththepseudo-ENSOeventinthepreviouswinter,andthebelow-normalprecipitationinJune2004wasassociatedwithnegativeanomaliesofseasurfacetemperatureovertheequatorialcentralPacificandpositiveanomaliesovertheequatorialwesternandeasternPacific.

简介：Twolandsurfacemodels,CommunityLandModel(CLM3.5)andNOAHmodel,havebeencoupledtotheWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)modelandbeenusedtosimulatetheprecipitation,temperature,andcirculationfields,respectively,overeasternChinainatypicalfloodyear(1998).Thepurposeofthisstudyistorevealtheeffectsoflandsurfacechangesonregionalclimatemodeling.ComparisonsofsimulatedresultsandobservationdataindicatethatchangesinlandsurfaceprocesseshavesignificantimpactonspatialandtemporaldistributionofprecipitationandtemperaturepatternsineasternChina.CouplingoftheCLM3.5totheWRFmodel(experimentWRF-C)substantiallyimprovesthesimulationresultsovereasternChinarelativetoanolderversionofWRFcoupledtotheNOAH-LSM(experimentWRF-N).ItisfoundthatthesimulationofthespatialpatternofsummerprecipitationinWRF-CisbetterthaninWRF-N.WRF-Calsosignificantlyreducesthesummerpositivebiasofsurfaceairtemperature,anditssimulatedsurfaceairtemperaturematchesmorecloselytoobservationsthanWRF-Ndoes,whichisassociatedwithlowersensibleheatfluxesandhigherlatentheatfluxesinWRF-C.

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简介：ＩｍｐｒｏｖｉｎｇｔｈｅＶｏｒｔｉｃｉｔｙ－ＳｔｒｅａｍｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎＭｅｔｈｏｄｔｏＳｏｌｖｅＴｗｏ－ＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＡｎｅｌａｓｔｉｃａｎｄＮｏｎｈｙｄｒｏｓｔａｔｉｃＭｏｄｅｌＳｕｎＬｉｔａｎ（孙立潭）ａｎｄＨｕａｎｇＭｅｉｙｕａｎ（黄...

简介：Thispaperanalyzedthevariationsoflatentheatflux(LHF)overthetropicalPacificintheperiod1978-1988byusingCOADS(ComprehensiveOceanandAtmosphericDataSet).IthasbeenfoundedthattheinterannualvariabilityofLHFexhibitsstrongENSOsignal,withthesignificantincreasingLHFduringtherecenttwowarmevents,i.e.,1982/83and1986/87anddecreasingLHFinthecoldepisodes.HoweverthelongitudinaldistributionoftheLHFdeparturesvariesfromeventtoevent.IntheeasternPacific,thespecifichumiditydifferenceatair-seainterface(qs-qa)makesadominantcontributiontotheinterannualvariabilityofLHF(r=0.73),whileinthewesternPacificthesurfacewindspeed,Wandtheqs-qamakenearlyequalcontributiontothatofLHF.

简介：AftercompositingthreerepresentativeENSOindices,ElNioeventshavebeendividedintoaneasternpattern(EP)andacentralpattern(CP).ByusingEOF,correlationandcompositeanalysis,therelationshipandpossiblemechanismsbetweenIndianOceanDipole(IOD)andtwotypesofElNiowereinvestigated.IODevents,originatingfromIndo-Pacificscaleair-seainteraction,arecomposedoftwomodes,whichareassociatedwithEPandCPElNiorespectively.TheIODmoderelatedtoEPElNioevents(namedasIOD1)isstrongestatthedepthof50to150malongtheequatorialIndianOcean.Besides,itshowsaquasi-symmetricdistribution,strongerinthesouthoftheEquator.TheIODmodeassociatedwithCPElNio(namedasIOD2)hasstrongestsignalintropicalsouthernIndianOceansurface.Intermsofmechanisms,beforeEPElNiopeaks,anomalousWalkercirculationproducesstronganomalouseasterliesinequatorialIndianOcean,resultinginupwellingintheeast,decreasingseatemperaturethere;acoupleofanomalousanticyclones(strongerinthesouth)formofftheEquatorwherewarmwateraccumulates,andthustheIOD1occurs.WhenCPElNiodevelops,anomalousWalkercirculationisweakerandshiftsitscentertothewest,thereforeanomalouseasterliesinequatorialIndianOceanislessstrong.Besides,theanticyclonesouthofSumatrastrengthens,andthesoutherlieseastofitbringcoldwaterfromhigherlatitudesandnortherlieswestofitbringwarmwaterfromlowerlatitudestothe15°to25°Szone.Meanwhile,thereexistsstrongdivergenceintheeastandconvergenceinthewestpartoftropicalsouthernIndianOcean,makingseatemperaturefallandriseseparately.Therefore,IOD2liesfarthersouth.