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简介：Biomass,asfuelwood,isoneofthemajorsourcesofenergyinruralareas,especiallyinthemountainousregionsoftheworld.Astheincreasinghumanpopulationexertsmorepressureontheforesttherebyinducinganadverseeffectonthesustainabilityoftheecosystem,whichconsequentlycausesfuelwoodcrisisatalocallevel,thiscrisisisspatio-temporalinnature.Thus,themajorobjectiveofthisstudyistoassessthesustainabilityoffuelwoodatdifferentprobablescenariosatamicrowatershedlevel.ThepresentstudywasconductedinthePhakotwatershed,theTehriGarhwaldistrictofcentralHimalayainIndia,during2006-2008.Basedonthevegetationcompositioninthestudyarea,thenetprimaryproductivity(NPP)valueoftheOakforest,andmixedoakandsalforests,wasusedforthequantificationoffuelwoodavailabilityinevergreenanddeciduousforests,respectively.Thefuelwooddemandwascalculatedonthebasisofseasonalfuelwoodconsumptionvalues.Nineprobablepermutationsforavailability-demandscenariosassumingtheexistenceofhigh(H),low(L)andaverage(A)conditionswereanalyzedforevaluatingthestress.Theavailableannualharvestablefuelwoodinthewatershedisintheminimumandmaximumrangesof2283.28to4066.00tons,respectively,peryearwhereasithasademandof110.76tonsastheminimumto3659tonsasthemaximumannually.Thisshowsthatinthecurrentavailabilitydemandscenario,thewatersheddoesnothavefuelwoodcrisisinthepresentsituationbutneedstomaintainthesustainabilityofthesystem.Basedonourstudy,itisconcludedthat,globally,morespatio-temporalstudyisrequiredtounderstandtheissuesatthelocallevel.

简介：GroundlevelozonepollutionhasbecomeasignificantairpollutionprobleminBeijing.Becauseofthecomplexwayinwhichozoneisformed,itisdifficultforpolicymakerstoidentifyoptimalcontroloptionsonacost-effectivebasis.Thispaperidenti-fiesandassessesarangeofoptionsforaddressingthisproblem.WeapplytheAmbientLeastCostModelandcomparetheeco-nomiccostsofcontroloptions,thenrecommendthemosteffectivesequencetorealizepollutioncontrolatthelowestcost.ThestudyfindsthatinstallingofStageIIgasolinevaporrecoverysystematBeijing's1446gasolinestationswouldbethemostcost-effectiveoption.Overall,optionstoreduceozonepollutionbycuttingve-hicularemissionsaremuchmorecost-effectivethanoptionsto'cleanup'coal-firedpowerplants.

简介：Withtherapidchangesofdemographicandsocio-economicstructure,variousecologicalandenvironmentalproblemshaveemergedinperi-urbanareas.Studiesonthecorrelationbetweensocio-economicdevelopmentandeco-environmentalpreservationareinadequate.Thispaperanalyzesthelandscapepatternofperi-urbanareastoaddressthisissue.First,itstudiesthedifferentiationofeconomicdevelopmentlevelsinBeijingperi-urbanareas.Then,itexploresthecorrelationbetweeneconomicdevelopmentlevelofeachtownanditslandscapepatternusingPearsonCorrelationandgradedifferenceindices.Furthermore,itsummarizestheproblemswithincurrentlandscapepattern.Threeconclusionsaredrawnfromtheanalysis:(1)onthewhole,theeconomicde-velopmentlevelinBeijingperi-urbanareasbasicallymatcheswithlandscapepattern;(2)landscapecontagiondegreedecreaseswiththegrowthofeconomicdevelopmentlevelinasmuchas30%ofBeijingperi-urbanareas.Thisisanirrationalphenomenonaccord-ingtoourjudgment;(3)landscapefragmentationgradesinmorethanhalfofthetownsarehigherthantheireconomicdevelopmentgrades,suggestingthatattentionshouldbepaidtoexcessivefragmentationoflanduse.

简介：ThispaperexaminesthelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedinRwanjabaLakeshoreCommunityduringtheperiodoflowwaterlevelinLakeVictoriabetween2004and2007andidentifiesthelivelihoodcopingstrategiesthatwereadoptedtoaddressthem.Atotalof55householdswererandomlysampledandthedatacollectionmethodsincludedhouseholdquestionnairesandparticipantobservations.ThedatawereanalyzedusingtheStatisticalPackageforSocialScience(SPSS)andtheresultspresentedwiththehelpofdescriptivestatistics.Thelivelihoodchallengesexperiencedduringthelowlakewaterlevelincludedfishshortage(34.5%),householdfoodscarcity(23.6%),sexforfish(18.2%),familybreakdown(12.7%),increasedtheft(7.2%)andaccidentsduetotheexposedrocksinthelake(3.6%).Thelivelihoodcopingstrategiesadoptedtoredressthechallengesincludedcausallabour(32.7%),maizeroasting(23.6%),sandmining(18.2%),sellingofsnacks(12.7%),sellinghouseholdproperty(9.1%)andresortingshopandmarketcredits(3.6%).Thepaperproposesanumberofrecommendationsforimprovingthelivelihoodofthecommunityrangingfrompolicyreformstothediversificationofactivities.

简介：Fuelwoodisoneofthemajorsourcesofenergyinthedomesticsectoracrosstheruralareas,especiallyinthedevelopingregionsacrosstheworld.TheNortheasternHimalayanstateofManipurisdominatedbythetribalpopulationthatlargelydependsonfuelwoodfromthenearbyforestarea.Theentiredependenceonforestsforenergyresourcesisaffectingthesustainabilityoftheforestecosystemintheregion,thusindicatingthelivelihoodconditions.Sinceland-useland-coverchangeisthekeydrivertothechangeinresourceavailabilityofaregion,thepresentstudyhastriedtoanalyzethelandcoverchangesoveraperiod28years.Thesecondmajorcomponentaffectingresourceavailabilityistheincreasingpopulationpressurethatleadstochangesinthelanddynamics,whichdirectlyaffecttheresourceproduction.Basedontheexistingconsumptionpattern,thetotalconsumptionoffuelwoodinthewatershedrangesfiomaminimumof289.992tons/yeartoamaximumof3545.719tons/yearwithanaverageof1561.956tons/yearintheyear2009andsimulatedfuelwoodconsumptionfortheyear2021isaround1469.260tons/year.Ninedifferentprobablescenariosofresourceareproposedtocalculatethestressvaluethatcanbeusedbythepolicy-makersandplannersforsuitablepolicyimplementationatthemicrolevelwithacomplexsocialsystem.

简介：Taking248A-sharemanufacturinglistedcompaniesin2006ShanghaiStockExchangeasexample,using'indexmethod'tomeasurelevelofenvironmentalprotectioninfor-mationdisclosure,thispaperexaminesthefactorsinfluencinglevelofenvironmentalprotectioninformationdisclosure.Thefindingsshowthatthedisclosurelevelhasimproved,buttheoveralllevelisstilllowandunabletosatisfyinformationusers;thereispositivecorrelationbetweencorporatesize,industrytype,accountingfirm'stypeandcorporateenvironmentaldis-closureindex.Thecompaniesoflargescaleandheavypollu-tionandthoseauditedbyinternational'Big4'anddomestic'Big10'accountingfirmshaveahighlevelofenvironmentaldisclosure,whiletheprofitabilityandfinancialleveragehasnoimpactonthedisclosurelevel.Finallysomesuggestionsareputforwardtoestablishenvironmentalinformationdisclosuresys-teminChina.

简介：WhenaccountingtheCO2emissionsresponsibilityoftheelectricitysectorattheprovinciallevelinChina,itisofgreatsignificancetoconsiderthescopeofbothproducers’andtheconsumers’responsibility,sincethiswillpromotefairnessindefiningemissionresponsibilityandenhancecooperationinemissionreductionamongprovinces.Thispaperproposesanewmethodforcalculatingcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelbasedonthesharedresponsibilityprincipleandtakingintoaccountinterregionalpowerexchange.Thismethodcannotonlybeusedtoaccounttheemissionresponsibilitysharedbyboththeelectricityproductionsideandtheconsumptionside,butitisalsoapplicableforcalculatingthecorrespondingemissionresponsibilityundertakenbythoseprovinceswithnetelectricityoutflowandinflow.ThismethodhasbeenusedtoaccountforthecarbonemissionsresponsibilitiesofthepowersectorattheprovinciallevelinChinasince2011.Theempiricalresultsindicatethatcomparedwiththeproduction-basedaccountingmethod,thecarbonemissionsofmajorpower-generationprovincesinChinacalculatedbythesharedresponsibilityaccountingmethodarereducedbyatleast10%,butthoseofotherpower-consumptionprovincesareincreasedby20%ormore.Secondly,basedontheprincipleofsharedresponsibilityaccounting,InnerMongoliahasthehighestcarbonemissionsfromthepowersectorwhileHainanhasthelowest.Thirdly,fourprovinces,includingInnerMongolia,Shanxi,HubeiandAnhui,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflow-14milliontin2011,accountingfor74.42%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityoutflowinChina.Sixprovinces,includingHebei,Beijing,Guangdong,Liaoning,Shandong,andJiangsu,havethehighestcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflow-11milliontin2011,accountingfor71.44%oftotalcarbonemissionsfromnetelectricityinflowinChina.Lastly,thispaperhasestimatedtheemissionfactorsofelectricity

简介：Thepurposeofthestudyistomeasurethe"growthdrag"accordingtothecharacteristicofChineselandresource.Romermodel(2001)holdsthateverycountryisinevitablyaffectedbythe"growthdrag"duetothelimitationoflandresource.Soit’sofprofoundstrategicsignificancetomeasurethe"growthdrag"accordingtothecharacterofChineselandresource.Modifiedtwo-levelCESproductionfunctionwasemployed,andthispapermodifiedthehypothesisofthemodel.TheresultindicatesthatthelimitationofChineselandresourcecastsshadowovertheeconomicdevelopmentofChina,andthegrowthrateis0.4618%lowerthanthatwithoutthelimitationoflandresource.Throughimplementingthelandresourceprotectionpolicyalongwiththetechnologyimprovementandthesubstituteeffectofotherfactorstothelandresource,Chinawillkeepasteadyandbalancedeconomicgrowth.