简介：Regimeswitching,whichisdescribedbyaMarkovchain,isintroducedinaMarkovcopulamodel.Weprovethatthemarginals(X,H~i),i=1,2,3oftheMarkovcopulamodel(X,H)arestillMarkovprocessesandhavemartingaleproperty.Inthisproposedmodel,apricingformulaofcreditdefaultswap(CDS)withbilateralcounterpartyriskisderived.更多还原

简介：Inthispaper,weinvestigatethestationaryprobabilitydistributionandmeanfirstpassagetimeinavegetationecologicalsystem,whichisdrivenbycross-correlationbetweenintrinsicandextrinsiccolorednoisesaswellasthenonzerocross-correlationinbetween.Theimpactsoftheself-correlationtimeτ1andτ2,thecross-correlationtimeτ3andintensitykonthestationaryprobabilitydistributionandmeanfirstpassagetimearediscussed,respectively.Ourmainresultsshowthat:(i)theself-correlationtimeτ1caninduceregimeshiftsfromthedesertstatetothesustainablevegetationstate,whiletheself-correlationtimeτ2,cross-correlationtimeτ3andintensitykcaninduceregimeshiftsfromthesustainablevegetationstatetothedesertstate;and(ii)theself-correlationtimeτ1orτ2canenhancethestabilityofthesustainablevegetationbiomass,whilethecross-correlationtimeτ3orstrengthkweakensthestabilityofthesustainablevegetationbiomass.

简介：Thefatiguebehaviorofahighstrengthsteel300Minthegigacycleregimewasinvestigated.Fullyreversedtension-compressionfatiguetestsatambienttemperaturewereperformedusinganultrasonicfatiguesystemoperatingat20kHz.Thestaircasetestmethodwasemployedtoobtainaccuratevaluesofthemeanfatiguestrengthcorrespondingtofixednumbersofcyclesupto10~9.Theseresultswerecomparedtothecurvewhichisestimatedbythedatatestedinthemid-longliferegimeonconventionalservohydraulictestmachineat20Hz.Resultsindicatethatthefatiguestrengthdeterminedfromultrasonicfatiguetestingislightlyhigherthanconventionaltestingintherangeof10~6-10~7cycles.Itisobviousthatnucleationsoffracturestendtooccurbelowthesurface,iffractureshappenaftermorethan10~7cycles.AllthefracturedspecimensfailsfrominternalSiO_2inclusionsorsmallercarbidesandcarbideclusters.

简介：Themonitoredresonantbehavioroffatiguespecimensofmetastableausteniticstainlesssteel(AISI304)iscorrelatedwithitsdamageaccumulationintheveryhighcyclefatigue(VHCF)regime.Theresonantbehaviorisstudiedexperimentallyandshowsadistincttransientcharacteristic.MicroscopicexaminationsindicatethatduringVHCFalocalizedplasticdeformationinshearbandsarisesonthespecimensurface.Hence,thisworkfocusesontheeffectofdamageaccumulationinshearbandsontheresonantbehaviorofAISI304intheVHCFregime.Amicrostructuralsimulationmodelisproposedthattakesintoaccountspecificmechanismsinshearbandsprovenbyexperimentalresults.Thesimulationmodelissolvednumericallyusingthetwo-dimensionalboundaryelementmethodandtheresonantbehaviorischaracterizedbyevaluatingtheforce-displacementhysteresisloop.Simulationofshearbandsagreeswellwithmicroscopicexaminationsandplasticdeformationinshearbandsinfluencesthetransientcharacteristicoftheresonantbehavior.

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简介：Inarecentstudy,aregimechartwasestablishedforshearedgranularsystems.Forasoftparticlesystemundersimpleshear,theinternalstressshowedarangeofratedependency.Astheparticleconcentrationincreased,thesystemtransitionedfromakineticgastoaplasticsolid.Thistransitionwasgradualforlowstiffnesssystemsbutbecamemoreabruptasthestiffnessincreased.Inthisstudy,therelationshipbetweenthegranulartemperatureandpressureisinvestigatedforthesamesystemofparticles.Thegranulartemperatureisdefinedastheaveragekineticenergyperunitvolumeandthepressureisdefinedasthetraceofthestresstensor.Itisfoundthatthispressure-temperature(P-T)curvedepictsasharpturnwhenthesystemmovesawayfromthekineticgasregime.However,nosignatureisfoundintheP-Trelationshipinotherregimes.

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简介：预先滑动的政体典型地在机械系统的动态建模被忽视。然而，处于静态的磨擦引起的接触状态的变化可以减少位置的精确性和控制精确。为了调查在接触之间的关系，地位和接触在预先滑动强迫磨擦，一个光试验性的方法在这份报纸被介绍。与这个方法，在透明材料的接口的真实接触状态能被使用处理技术的一幅图象基于光的全部的思考原则观察。新奇安装，包括一双矩形的trapezoidal块，被建议解决精确地把不同正切、正常的力量用于接触接口的挑战性的问题。改进Otsus方法被用于测量。通过在polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)上执行的试验性的研究，接触粗糙的数量被证明是影响真实接触区域的主导的因素。在在预先滑动的政体的真实接触区域和接触力量之间的关系被学习，并且在接触接口的静态的磨擦的分发是讨论的品质上。真实接触区域与增加静态的磨擦一起在膨胀的新现象被识别。上述的关系在在一个经常的正常压力下面的接触接口是近似线性的，并且磨擦应力的分发从前缘减少到后面的边。

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简介：连续统wavepacket干扰被数字地解决时间依赖者Schr调查?为有激光地的氢原子的相互作用的dinger方程。获得的wavepacket进化显示那，在over-the-barrier电离政体(1016W/cm2),电离的continuumcontinuum(CC)干扰电子在highorder泛音产生(HHG)成为主要过程，与连续统界限(CB)相比转移，由Kohler等报导了。[Phys。加快。Lett。105(20)，203902(2010)].We为控制电离的量轨道建议一个二颜色的激光地计划电子并且为扩大CC泛音精力。作为结果，一个高精力平台发生在HHG光谱，它完全从CC泛音发源，与由二颜色的域的相对阶段可调节的截止。这在超级强烈激光地里提供原子和分子的动态特征的进一步的理解并且提供一个机会想象原子或分子的潜力。

简介：Gaplesslinearenergydispersionofgrapheneendowsitwithuniquenonlinearopticalproperties,includingbroadbandnonlinearabsorptionandgiantnonlinearrefractiveindex.Herein,weexperimentallyobservedthatfewlayersgraphenehasobviousnonlinearabsorptionandlargenonlinearrefraction,asinvestigatedbytheZ-scantechniqueinthemid-infrared（mid-IR）regime.Ourstudymaynotonly,forthefirsttimetoourknowledge,verifythegiantnonlinearrefractiveindexofgraphene(～10-7cm2∕W)atthemid-IR,whichis7ordersofmagnitudelargerthanotherconventionalbulkmaterials,butalsoprovidesomenewinsightsforgraphene-basedmid-IRphotonics,potentiallyleadingtotheemergenceofseveralnewconceptualmid-IRoptoelectronicsdevices.

简介：从激光的单音的精力充沛的电子横梁的自我注射和加速弄醒地加速器首先在高度相对论的政体被调查，用100TW班，27fs激光脉搏。有象一样高的精力的Quasi-monoenergetic捆得多的横梁多--百兆电子伏与显示自我开水道的形成和电子的自我注射进血浆的散布方面的排出物的同时的大小被观察醒来，叫作一个“水泡”。三维的particle-in-cell模拟与1.5GeV/cm的坡度证实了电子捆的多重自我注射进水泡和他们的横梁加速。

简介：Amodelisproposedtocorrelatethecrackgrowthrateandstressratiocontainingveryhighcyclefatigueregime.Themodelisverifiedbytheexperimentaldatainliterature.Thenaformulaisderivedfortheeffectofmeanstressonfatiguestrength,anditisusedtoestimatethefatiguestrengthofabearingsteelinveryhighcyclefatigueregimeatdifferentstressratios.TheestimatedresultsarealsocomparedwiththosebyGoodmanformula.

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简介：ThispaperdescribestheNiiMiprocessdesignedtotreatlandscapewater.ThemainaimoftheresearchwastoinvestigatethefeasibilityofNiiMiforremovingorganicandnutrimentmaterialsfromlandscapewater.Duringthebatch-scaleNiiMioperation,theremovalratesofcolorrangedfrom66.7%-80%,ofturbidityfrom31.7%-89.3%,ofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)from7%-36.5%,oftotalphosphor(TP)from43%-84.2%,ofsolublephosphatefrom42.9%-100%,oftotalnitrogen(TN)from4.2%-46.7%,andofNH4+-Nfrom39.3%-100%atthehydraulicloadingof0.2m3/(m2·d).ResultsshowedthattheremovalefficienciesofCOD,TP,solublephosphateandTNdecreasedwiththedeclineinthetemperature.TheNiiMiprocesshadastrongshockloadingabilityfortheremovaloftheorganics,turbidity,TP,solublephosphate,TNandNH4+-N.Threesodiumchloridetracerstudieswereconducted,labeledasTS1,TS2,andTS3,respectively.Themeanhydraulicretentiontimes(meanHRTs)were31hand28hforTS1andTS2,respectively,indicatingtheoccurrenceofadeadzonevolumeof12%and20%forTS1andTS2,respectively.TS1andTS2displayedtheoccurrenceofshort-circuitingintheNiiMisystem.ThecomparisonresultsbetweenTS1andTS2werefurtherconfirmedinthevaluesobtainedforsomeindicators,suchasvolumetricefficiency(e),short-circuiting(S),hydraulicefficiency(λ)andnumberofcontinuouslystirredtankreactors(N).

简介：在新ZWILAGnuclear浪费处理植物(瑞士)的不同踪迹元素和收音机核种的命运被建模，以便在植物预言并且检查不稳定的种类和他们的分发的运输行为。计算从药为活跃废物显示出那，工业，仅仅Zn和C有的研究(米尔浪费)在1200℃的稳定的气体的种类。调查证实清洗系统的检验烟道气体的效率。

简介：Thispaperdevelopedanewtypeofthreedimensionalinnermicrofintube,Theexperimentalresultsoftheflowpatternsforthehorizontalcondensationinsidethesetubesarereportedinthepaper,Theflowpatternsforthehirizontalcondensationinsidethenewmadetubesaredividedintoannularflowstratifiedflowandintermittentflowwithinthetestconditions.Theexperimentsofthelocalheattransfercoefficientsforthedifferentflowpatternshavebeensystematicallycariedout,Theexperimentsofthelocalheattransfercoefficientschangingwiththevapordrynessfractionhavealsobeencarriedout.Ascomparedwiththeheattransfercoefficientsofthetwodimensionalinnermicrofintubes,thoseofthethreedimensionalinnermicrofintubesincrease47-127%fortheannularflowregion,38-183%forthestratifiedflowand15-75%,fortheintermittentflow,respectively.Theenhancementfactorofthelocalheattransfercoefficientsisfrom1\8-6\9forthevapordrynessfractionfrom0.05to1.