简介：在"十三五"期间,还要着力解决制约我国风电发展的另外两大问题,即风能资源详细评价、适应我国国情并具有国际竞争力的自主风电装备技术产业体系建设和能力建设问题,以推动风电产业的持续健康发展。近年来,在国家相关政策推动下,我国风电装备制造业发展迅速,整体水平不断提高,风电设备产业链已经形成,并日趋完善,风电产业发展已经跨入一个新的发展阶段。根据最新统计数据,2014年我国风电发展势头不减,截至2014年底全国并网风电装机容量9581万kW,同比增幅25.6%,接近"十二五"规划确定的1亿kW目标。到"十三五"规划末期,即到2020年,风电装机将达到怎样的规模?

简介：最新一期政府公报印发约匕京市人民政府关于贯彻落实国务院加强环境保护重点工作文件的意见》，在着力解决影响群众身体健康和环境安全的突出问题方面，意见将公众关注的热点问题——PM2．5治理摆在了首位。在PM2．5浓度监测方面，意见指出，要将PM2．5和臭氧纳入空气质量常规监测指标，优化监测网络，

简介：为了满足微观区域交通PM2.5污染环境评估的需要,在分析交通排放模型和空气质量模型的基础上,构建了一套基于MA（MOVES＋AERMOD）模式的道路交通PM2.5污染热点量化分析方法;基于车型、燃料、地区匹配及本地化交通参数,修正了交通颗粒物排放模型MOVES;对典型城市道路平面交叉口的PM2.5污染热点区域进行分析,得到了机动车PM2.5排放清单及公众PM2.5暴露质量浓度水平;根据交通污染源的特点,确定AERMOD模型为空气质量模型;针对小寨十字特定时段进行交通污染量化分析,计算了该区域的PM2.5质量浓度分布,在交叉口下风向PM2.5最高质量浓度达到134μg/m3,超过国家标准24h平均限值。研究表明,MA模式交通污染热点分析方法为交通减排措施或政策的实施提供了精细化的环境效益评估工具。

简介：针对＂单一评价指标＂难以准确揭示城市空气污染特征的问题,基于＂空气质量浓度、人口暴露强度、人口加权浓度＂3个指标,以长沙市为例,对比分析了各指标在城市PM2.5污染防控区划中的差异与优缺点。结果表明,研究区质量浓度指标区划下的暴露防控区呈梯度面分布,空间平滑效应明显。而顾及人口特征的人口暴露强度和人口加权浓度两个指标能够揭示污染防控区的空间微观差异,但前者受人口空间分布因素的影响过大,风险异常集聚效应＂突出＂。融入空气质量标准的人口加权浓度相对风险指标能够更准确地揭示长沙市人口PM2.5暴露风险空间变化规律。开展城市PM2.5污染防控多指标空间区划研究,有利于弥补单一指标评价结果的局限性及不确定性。

简介：为了了解齐齐哈尔市大气细粒子PM2.5单颗粒的形貌、组成及粒度分布特征，选取齐齐哈尔市大学校园和商业市中心两个采样点，针对春季和秋季大气中PM2.5单颗粒，应用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）和配带X射线能谱的扫描电镜（SEM—EDX）对其微观形貌和元素组成进行了研究。利用图像分析系统对其粒径分布进行统计。结果表明，此地区PM2.5颗粒分为4种类型，即烟尘集合体、飞灰、矿物颗粒和未知颗粒，分别来源于机动车尾气排放、煤炭等燃料燃烧及地壳扬尘。其中春季烟尘集合体数量最多，秋季由于燃煤以飞灰为主。来源于地壳扬尘的矿物颗粒以硅铝酸盐类和碳酸盐类矿物为主。此地区大气中PM2.5颗粒空气动力学直径约90％小于1．0μm，属大气细粒子。其中烟尘集合体平均粒径大于矿物颗粒，飞灰平均粒径最小。

简介：研究了城市森林生态系统PM2.5及其组分的垂直分布,在北京市奥林匹克森林公园内的监测塔上,分别于冬季（树木无叶期）和春季（幼叶期）开展观测,观测了Na＋、NH4＋、K＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋、Cl-、NO-3和SO2-4的质量浓度。结果表明,SO2-4和NO3-为PM2.5水溶性无机离子的主要成分,其质量浓度之和占总PM2.5水溶性无机离子质量浓度的50%以上。冬季ρ（NO-3）/ρ（SO2-4）为0.525,春季为0.611,表明移动源的影响明显小于固定源。水溶性无机离子质量浓度在一天内出现两个高峰值,分别在6：00—10：00和18：00—22：00,总的趋势是白天质量浓度高于夜晚,这与周围生活环境和气象等因素有密切关系。无叶期时,8种离子质量浓度随高度增加没有明显变化特征;幼叶期时,PM2.5水溶性离子质量浓度随垂直高度增加而增加,在不同垂直高度上有明显的质量浓度梯度变化。

简介：Afterthe1992UNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentinRiodeJaneiro,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeenwidelyrecognizedallovertheworld.Morethan100countries,includingChina,haveadoptedsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesaccordingwiththeirownsituations.For20years,

简介：我国城市当前普遍存在室外大气PM2.5与室内甲醛（FA）联合污染状况,二者均被报道在单独暴露下可以导致肺损伤并诱导和诱发哮喘的急性发作,但其联合污染的具体效应,以及分子机制目前尚不清楚。为探究PM2.5和/或甲醛暴露对小鼠的肺损伤及其可能的机制,分别将雄性Balb/c小鼠分为以下6组：对照组,AZD8055组,PM2.5组,FA组,PM2.5＋FA组,PM2.5＋FA＋AZD8055组。染毒结束后,观察肺组织病理学变化;检测肺组织氧化损伤,活性氧（reactiveoxygenspecies,ROS）,还原型谷胱甘肽（glutathione,GSH）和丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）的含量,DNA损伤,DNA-蛋白质交联（DNA-proteincrosslink,DPC）系数和8羟基脱氧鸟苷（8-OH-dG）的含量,以及细胞凋亡、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3（Caspase-3）的含量。结果表明,当吸入气态甲醛浓度为3mg·m-3,气道滴注PM2.5浓度为2.5mg·mL-1时,肺组织出现不同程度的支气管重塑和炎症细胞浸润。ROS显著上升,GSH显著下降,DPC、8-OH-dG以及Caspase-3都显著上升。添加AZD8055后,肺组织损伤效应更加显著。PM2.5复合甲醛的暴露导致小鼠肺损伤具有协同作用,氧化应激及其下游的DNA损伤可能是甲醛联合PM2.5致小鼠肺损伤的一种重要机制。

简介：Theproblemofclimatechangeisaglobalchallenge.Itiscloselyassociatedwithsocialdevelopmentandhumansurvival,andithasasignificantimpacttoallcountriesonenergydevelopment,economiccompetitiveness,technologicalinnovation,andwayoflife.Inrecentyears,withtherapideconomicdevelopmentinChina,thereisarumorthattherapidgrowthofChina'scarbondioxideemissionoffsettheeffortsoftheinternationalcommunityinreducingemissions,andChinashouldbeartheinternationalresponsibilitycorrespondingtoitssignificantroleingreenhousegasemission,whichobviouslyareunfairandnotobjective.Asthispaperreveals,'Chinaenvironmentresponsibility'thatisthesocalled'Chinaenvironmentthreat'ortheories,ChinahasmadeapositivecontributiontoaddressingtheclimatechangeinthepastandChinawillstillbethebackboneontheprotectionofglobalclimateinthefuture.

简介：7S管理方法起源于日本．在日本叫5S．内容包括整理（SEIRI），整顿（SEITON）、清扫（SEISO）清洁（SEIKETSU）素养（SOYOU）。此5项内容在日文的罗马发音中均以“S”为开头．故简称为5S。5S活动是具体而实在的．不仅让员工一听就懂而且很容易实行．推行5S的目的就是要为员工创造一个干净，整洁，舒适．合理，安全的工作场所和空间环境。

简介：Inrecentyears,carbonemissionshavegraduallyevolvedfromanenvironmentissueintoapoliticalandeconomicone.Carbontariffhasbroughtaboutnewtradebarriersofdevelopedcountries,andinordertoenhancetheindustrialcompetitivenessofdevelopedcountries,itwillproduceunfavorableimpactondevelopingcountries.Concentratedonthemanufacturingindustry,whichisthemostintensivehigh-carbonindustryinChina’sexportstructure,thisarticlestudiestherelationshipbetweencarbontariffpolicyandindustrystructureofexporttradeandbuildsuparelationbetweenclimatechangeandinternationaltrade.First,bymeansofestablishingapartialequilibriummodel,itappliesgeometricanalysisandmathematicalanalysistocomputetheimpactonChina’smanufacturingexporttradeandtheconsequencesoftheintroductionoftheUScarbontarifftoChina’smanufacturingindustrythathasalreadyimposedadomesticshippingcarbontax.Furthermore,withtheapplicationoftheGTAPmodel,itestimatestheoveralleconomicandwelfareeffectsonChina’smanufacturingindustryiftheUSandEuropeintroducecarbontariffbymeansoffourways,andthenanalyzestheinfluenceonChina’smanufacturingindustryexportstructureandsocialwelfareaswell.TheresultshowsthattheintroductionoftheUScarbonimporttarifflowersChina’sexportpriceandexportvolume,andtheimplementationofadomesticcarbontaxjustifiesahigherexportpriceandalowerexportvolumeforChina.However,thedegreeofexportreductionissmallerthanthatundertheeffectoftheUScarbontariff.InthecaseofdevelopedcountriesimposingcarbontariffonChina’senergy-intensiveindustries,suchaschemicalrubberproducts,oilandcoal-processingindustryandpaperindustry,whoseexportwouldbereduced,thenegativeimpactonthepaperindustryistheseverest,whichwilldecreasethepaperindustry’sexportrangingfrom1.79%to6.05%,whereastheotherindustries’exportwillincrease.Anyhow,itwillpromoteChina�

简介：AllsevenemissionstradingpilotsinChinaoperateindependently.Onechallengefacingmostofthemisthelowinclusionthresholdsforenterprisesandthefewtotalcoveredemissions,whichnegativelyinfluencestheeffectsoftheemissionstradingsystems(ETSs).Somepilotsites,suchasGuangdong,Hubei,TianjinandBeijing,haveindicatedtheirwillingnesstolinktheirschemeswithothers.ETSlinkingcouldexpandschemecoveragesandthereforehelptoreducetheoverallcostsofachievingthelinkedschemes’emissionscontroltargets.Linkingcouldalsohelptoaddresstheissuesofcarbonleakageandreducepricefluctuations.Thepotentialbenefitsandfeasibilityoflinkingdifferentpilotsystemsareanalyzedinthisarticle.Thesevenpilotregionsareatdifferentstagesofsocialandeconomicdevelopment,withsignificantdifferencesintotalemissionsandemissionsstructuresaswellascarbonabatementpotentialsandcosts.Throughlinking,more-developedregionssuchasBeijing,ShanghaiandShenzhen,whicharetypicallyconsideredtofacehighermitigationcosts,willhavetheopportunitytoachievetheiremissionscontroltargetsbypurchasingcarbonunitsfromless-developedregions,whichwillearnfinancialrevenuesfromsellingtheunits.Torealizethiswin-winresult,aseriesofpolicyandtechnicalbarriersatboththecentralgovernmentandpilotgovernmentlevelsneedstobeovercome.Establishingaunifiednationalemissionstradingmarketwouldappeartobetheidealsolutiontothesechallenges,butitwilltakeconsiderabletimeandwillnotbetheshort-termsolution.Intheabsenceofaunifiednationalscheme,itisrecommendedthatthecentralgovernmentencouragepilotschemestolink,thatitdevelopscorrespondingnationalpoliciestosupportthelinkingeffortsandthatthepilotschemesthatareintendedtobelinkedcoordinateoncertaindesignelements.Basedonthecoordinatingneed,themajorelementsofanETScanbedividedintofourcategories:elementsthatneedmutualrecognition(capset

简介：I'mverypleasedtobehereatthissidemeeting,China'sGreenTransformation:Efforts,PracticesandFuture,co-sponsoredbyACCA21andUNDP.SincetheUNConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentin1992,peoplearoundtheworldhavemadenumerous

简介：ForChina,greenindustrialrevolutioninducedbyglobalclimatechangeposesnotonlythegreatestchallenge,butalsothegreatestopportunity.IntheperspectiveofChina'sbasicnationalconditions,andespeciallyitsnaturalconditions,China'sgreendevelopmentistheinevitablepathofchoicefortherealizationofsustainabledevelopmentandscientificdevelopment.TheessenceofChina'smodernization2050isgreenmodernization,takingthethree-stepstrategytowardsChina'sowngreendevelopmentandenergyconservationandemissionreduction.Incombinationwiththe12thFiveYearPlan,itsinnovativepositioningis'greendevelopmentplan'.

简介：Producinggoodsandservicesallneedswaterconsumption.Thewaterusedintheprocessofanagriculturalorindustrialproductiscalledthe"VirtualWater"containedinthisproduct.Throughinternationaltrade,water-scarcecountriesandregionscouldpurchasewater-intensiveproducts--especiallyfoods,fromwater-richcountriestobalancetheirwaterdeficitsandachievewatersafety.Chinaisoneofthe13mostwater-deficitcountrieswhosewatersafetyhavebeenseverelychallenged.Thispapergeneralizedtherecentglobalresearchdevelopmentandmadeabriefintroductionaboutthemethodscalculatingvirtualwatercontentinspecificproducts.Asacasestudy,wequalifiedChina'sannualvirtualwaterflowsfromyear2000to2002withtradeincrops,andendedwithsomepolicyadviceforapplicationandpracticeofvirtualwaterstrategy.

简介：TheEU,theUnitedStatesandothereconomies,withtheintentiontoimplementunilateraltrademeasuresBorderCarbonAdjustments,imposeemissionreductionpressureondevelopingcountries.Onceimplemented,themeasureswillhavegreatimpactonChina'sforeigntrade.Usingtheinput-outputtablein2007,thispaperhadanalyzedtheinfluencesonChina'sforeigntradeasawholeandsub-sectorsinthreetaxratesscenarios.TheresultsshowedthatthetarifflevelofChina'sexportswillincreaseby3.6%-6.3%ifthetaxwasleviedonexportsembodiedemissions,andby1.0%-1.7%ifleviedonexportdirectemissions.In2007,theformertotalamountofcarbontaxwasaboutUS$42.6-73.0billion,4timesthatofthelatter.Basedonexportembodiedemissions,sectorslargelyinfluencedwerenon-traditionalenergyintensiveones,suchastextile,etal.Thesesectorsshouldbeencour-agedtocarryoutindustrialupgrading,raisingthevalue-addedofexportgoods,andreducingtheirembodiedemissionsbyreductionofenergyintensity.Takingintoaccountofthecomplexityofdatacollection,thetaxleviedonproductsdirectemissionismoreoperational.Theresultsshowedthatthefivetopsectorsmostaffectedwereotherchemicalmaterials,processingofpetroleumandnuclearfuel,coking,smeltingandrollingofferrousmetalandtextile.Mostofthemwereenergyintensivesectors.Therefore,adjustingexportproductsstructure,andcontrollingtoofastdevelopmentofenergyintensiveindustriesarealsoimportantstrategiesinChina.

简介：Theindustrialsectorisusuallythelargesteconomysectorforcarbonemissionsinmanycountries,whichmadeitthesectorwithgreatestpotentialforcarbonreductionalthoughtheprocessdurationmightbeverylong.StudyingthepotentialofindustrialemissionreductionhasgreatsignificanceinestimatingthecarbonemissionpeakofChinaontheonehand,andadjustingitsstrategyininternationalclimatechangenegotiations.Byemployingtheeconomicaccountingmethod,thisarticleestimatestheemissionreductionpotentialofChina’sIndustrialsectorfortheperiodof2010-2050.Itrevealsthat,taking2030astheyearwhentheemissionreachesthepeak,thetotalreductioncanbe8.38billiontons(bts)fortheperiodof2010-2030,with3.12btsfromstructuralreductionwhile5.26btsfromintensityreduction.Afterwards,reductionwillcontinuewithatotalamountof6.59btsfortheperiodof2030-2050,wherethestructuralreductionaccountsfor2.47bts,andintensityreduction4.115bts.Ifbothindustrialandenergyconsumptionstructuresareimprovedduringtheaboveperiod,thereductionpotentialcanbeevengreater,e.g.theemissionpeakcanarrivefiveyearsearlier(intheyearof2025)andthepeakvaluecandeclinebyabout8%ascomparedtotheoriginalestimation.Reviewingthetrajectoryofemissionchangesindevelopedcountriesindicatesthattheindustrysectorcancontributetotheoverallreductiontargetsthroughthedualwheelsofstructuralreductionandintensityreduction,evenbeyondtheemissionpeak.Thisarticleconcludeswiththefollowingpolicysuggestions.(1)OurestimationontheemissionpeakoftheindustrialsectorsuggeststhatChinashouldavoidanycommitmentearlierthan2030onthetimelineoftheoverallemissionpeak;(2)thegreatpotentialofindustrialemissionreductioncanimprovethesituationofChinainclimatechangenegotiation,wheretheintensityreductioncanserveasanimportantpolicyoption.(3)Reductionpotentialcanbefurtherenhancedthroughtechnologyadv

简介：Aspartofacomprehensiveenvironmentalmanagementsystem,manycountriesestablishemissioncontroltargetsformassemissionsofapollutant.Suchtargetsareoftenthekeyobjectiveofanenvironmentalpolicy,suchasanemissiontradingprogram.InChina,however,itismorethanjustanobjectiveofoneparticularpolicy;ithasbecomeaconceptthathasinfluencedmanynationalenvironmentalpoliciesandactivities.Theobjectiveofthisarticleistoreviewtheimplementationofthetotalemissioncontrolpolicyinthepast10yearsandexploreemergingissuesinitsimplementation.Thearticlehasthreesections:asummaryoftheimplementationexperience,issueswiththedesignandimplementationofthepolicy,andpolicyrecommendations.

简介：

简介：Chinahaswitnessedrapideconomicdevelopmentsince1978,andduringthetime,energyproductionandconsumptiondevelopedatatremendousspeedaswell.EnergyefficiencywhichcanbemeasuredbyenergyconsumptionperunitofGDP,however,experiencedcontinuousdecrease.Theoretically,thechangeofenergyefficiencycanbeattributedtoindustrystructuralchangeandtechnologicalchange.InordertoexplainthetransformationofChineseenergyefficiency,weadoptlogarithmicmeanDivisiaindextechniquestodecomposechangesinenergyintensityintheperiodof1994-2005.Wefindthattechnologicalchangeisthedominantcontributorinthedeclineofenergyintensity,butthecontributionhasdeclinedsince2001.Thechangeinindustrystructurehasdecreasedtheenergyintensitybefore1998,butraisedtheintensityafter1998.Decomposedtechnologicaleffectsforallsectorsindicatethattechnologicalprogressesinhighenergyconsumingindustriessuchasrawchemicalmaterialsandchemicalproducts,smeltingandpressingofferrousmetals,manufactureofnon-metallicmineralproductsandhouseholdcontributearetheprincipaldriversofChina'sdecliningenergyintensity.