简介：AbstractEndometriosis is a prevalent chronic disease that affects approximately 6% to 10% of reproductive-aged women. Although numerous researchers have endeavored to explore the etiology of endometriosis over a century, its etiology still remains an enigma. The exploration of pathophysiologic mechanism and novel therapy for endometriosis depends on ideal endometriotic models. In the previous decade, various endometriotic models have been established; therefore, we made a conclusion for available information on these models. This review summarized the common experimental models used in endometriotic studies, including their origins, characteristics, applications, and limitations. Endometriotic models played an important role in studying etiologies and novel treatments of endometriosis during the last decades. Among them, animal models and endometriotic cell lines were viewed as most common studying tools to explore the intrinsic entities of endometriosis. In addition, endometrial organoid also emerged and was regarded as an ideal studying tool for endometriosis research. Different research models collectively complement each other to advance the endometriosis research. The successful establishment of endometrial organoids means that organoids are expected to become an ideal model for studying endometriosis in the future.

简介：InordertocompareandevaluatethreeanimalmodelsforstudyingthepathogenicityofStaphylococcusepidermidisstrains,threeexperimentalanimalmodels,namely,murineintra-venousLD50,mouseforeignbodyinfectionandratcentralvenouscatheter(CVC)infectionmodelswereusedtoassesstherelativevirulenceoftwoS.epidermidisstrains,ATCC12228and97-337.Theresultsfromthreeanimalmodelswerecomparable,indicatingS.epidermidis97-337wasmorevirulentthanstrainATCC12228.TheratCVCinfectionmodelbestmimickedtheconditionsofclinicalpatientswithintmvenonscatheters,andmoreinformationcouldbeobtainedfromthismodel.Weconcludethatdifferentinvivomodelsservefordif-ferentpurposes,andtheratCVCinfectionmodelismostsuitableforstudyingspecificcharacteristicsofcatheterrelatedinfectionscausedbyS.epidermidisstratus.

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简介：Thepathophysiologyoftinnitusispoorlyunderstoodandtreatmentsareoftenunsuccessful.Anumberofanimalmodelshavebeendevelopedinordertogainabetterunderstandingoftinnitus.Agreatdealhasbeenlearnedfromthesemodelsregardingtheelectrophysiologicalandneuroanatomicalcorrelatesoftinnitusfollowingexposuretonoiseorototoxicdrugs.Reliablebehavioraldataisimportantfordeterminingwhethersuchelectrophysiologicalorneuroanatomicalchangesareindeedrelatedtotinnitus.Ofthemanydocumentedtinnitusanimalbehavioralparadigms,theacousticstartlereflexhadbeenproposedasasimplemethodtoidentifythepresenceorabsenceoftinnitus.Severalbehavioralmodelsbasedonconditionedresponsesuppressionparadigmshavealsobeendeveloped.Inadditiontodeterminingthepresenceorabsenceoftinnitus,someofthebehavioralparadigmshaveprovidedsignsoftheonset,frequency,andintensityoftinnitusinanimals.Althoughnoneofthesebehavioralmodelshavebeenprovedtobeaperfectmodel,thesestudiesprovideusefulinformationonunderstandingtheneuralmechanismsunderlyingtinnitus.

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简介：Hearingloss(HL)isoneofthemostwidespreadsensorydisorders,affectingapproximately1in500newborns.HeritablediseasesoftheinnereararetheleadingcausesofprelingualHL.TreatingofhereditaryHLandunderstandingitsunderlyingmechanismsremaindifficultchallengestootolaryngologists.Asstemcellsarecapableofself-renewalanddifferentiation,theyareideallysuitedbothfordiseasemodelingandregenerativemedicine.Recently,descriptionofinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPSCs)hasallowedthefieldofdiseasemodelingandpersonalizedtherapytobecomefarmoreaccessibleandphysiologicallyrelevant,asiPSCscanbegeneratedfrompatientsofanygeneticbackground.ThisreviewbrieflydescribestheadvantagesofiPSCstechnologyanddiscussespotentialapplicationsofthispowerfulbiologicaltoolinstudyingandtreatinghereditaryHL.

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简介：在最近的年里，与人性化的免疫系统构造妄想的老鼠的技术显著地改善了。人的有免疫力的房间的多重系在与人的造血的干细胞被移植了的immunodeficient老鼠发展。更重要地，这些老鼠在免疫或微生物引起的感染之上装功能的体液、细胞的有免疫力的回答。人的免疫不全病毒类型(HIV-1)我能在人性化的老鼠建立感染，导致CD4+T房间弄空和伴随的nonspecific免疫者激活，它在HIV-1-infected人的病人模仿immunopathology。这为学习HIV-1immunopathogenesis并且为开发新奇基于免疫者的治疗的机制使人性化的老鼠成为一个最佳的模型。

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简介：AbstractDecidualization is a special type of differentiation of endometrial stromal cells into secretory decidualized cells, which is closely related to the occurrence of menstruation and establishment of pregnancy. Decidualization abnormalities can cause female infertility and abortion, and the decidualization model in vitro is an important tool for studying relevant mechanisms. This article summarizes several in vitro decidualization models in recent research from three aspects, including the selection of model cells and culture systems, evaluation of decidualization markers, and induction schemes. These models can be appropriately selected and applied in specific endometrium-related disease models, such as endometriosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preeclampsia.

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简介：ToexploretheactionmechanismofmoxibustiononZusanli(ST36)intreatingmalnutrition.MethodsInfantileSDratsweredividedintonormalgroup,modelgroup,comparisongroupandtreatmentgroup.Ganjimodelsofratweremadebyfeedinghighfatandhighcaloriefood.Thentheyweretreatedwithmoxibustionon“Housali”.ResultsAfterthemodelsbeingmade,theappetite,weight,GASandMTLweredecreased.Aftertwoperiodsoftreatment,theywereallincreasedandwerenearlyturnedtobenormallevel.ConclusionMoxibustiononZusanli(ST36)canimprovetheappetite,weight,GASandMTLinGanjimodelsofratandregulatetheirdigestivefunction.

简介：对为前列腺癌症的更有效的治疗学的途径有批评需要。然而，在这个区域的研究被缺乏严重妨碍了临床上相关，在疾病的vivo模型试验性。这评论特别地基于patients’的subrenal囊grafting集中于前列腺癌症异种皮移植模型的发展；进nonobese糖尿病/严重的肿瘤组织联合了immunodeficient(NOD/SCID)老鼠。这种技术允许可移植的、导出病人的癌症织物异种皮移植线的成功的开发从不仅好攻击变形，而且从局部性的前列腺癌症纸巾。异种皮移植被发现了保留原来的恶意的关键生物性质，包括组织病理学说、分子的特征，肿瘤异质，对雄激素脱离的反应和变形能力。因此，他们是高度临床上相关并且在细胞、分子的层次，为个性化的癌症治疗屏蔽的药和现出症状之前的潜的药为前列腺癌症前进的研究提供珍贵工具测试的功效；特别当模型的一块面板习惯于盖子时许多疾病。这些异种皮移植模型能因此被看作前列腺癌症的下一代的模型。

简介：AIMEndothelin1(ET-1),apotentvasoconstrictorpeptide,isalsoregardedasanimportantetiologicalfactorinvolvedinmanycardiacdiseaseslikeheartfailureandcardiachypertrophy.Itmediatespathologicchangesbyformingan""""ETaxis""""attheupstreamtoionchannels,suchasstimulatingoxidantstress,elicitingcardiacremodelingbyproliferationofcardiomyocytes,inducingapoptosis,affectingsignaltransductionpathway,andmodulatingintranucleargenetranscription.ThepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatethepivotalrolebyETaxisinworseningarrhythmiasandcardiacfunctioninexperimentalhypertrophiccardiomyopathy(HCM)andheartfailure(HF)models.METHODSTheratHCMmodelwasinducedbys.cL-thyroxin(L-thy,0.2mg/Kg/d)for10d,

简介：Therestenosisaftercoronaryarterybypassgraft(CABG)isattributedtotheformationofintimalhyperplasia(IH)attheanastomosis,whichiscloselyrelatedtohemodynamicdependonthegeometricmodel.Inordertogiveareasonableassessmentofthesurgeryeffectandjudgethelong-termpatencyrate,thehemodynamicofCABGsurgeryprogramiscomparedwiththatofsurgerydesignofthejunctionanglechanged.Basedonin-vivoCTcoronaryangiographydatasets,theindividualgeometricmodelofCABGreconstructedinsteadofidealizedgeometricmodelsareappliedtosimulatetherealphysiologicalbloodflowutilizingpulsatileflowboundarywaveformsinthepresentstudy.Thesimulationresultsshowthatthemaximumwallshearrate(WSS)valueisatthebottomofanastomosis.Moreover,thestagnationzonegrowinggraduallywiththegreaterangledownstreamtheanastomosisispronetoformtheIH,whichisconsistentwithclinicalobservation.Itisprovedthatthesurgerybeingbettersuitedtomaintaingraftpatencyissuccessful.

简介：AIMTo评估β的可靠性；在试验性的绿内障model.METHODSGlaucoma老鼠的一个网膜的中心房间(RGC)标记当模特儿的-III-Tubulin蛋白质被把聚苯乙烯microbeads注入C57BL/6J老鼠的前面的房间建立，在intraocular压力(IOP)被提高以后，当时，他们的视网膜是获得的14d和28d。网膜的扁平的山和节是由fluorogold(FG)和β的双labeled；-III-Tubulin抗体或由β标记单人赛；-III-Tubulin抗体，然后，RGC被认为并且比较注射眼睛的respectively.RESULTSIOP显著地被提高并且在22.8±到达了山峰；0.7公里Hg在白天14在注射以后，然后落下到11.3±；0.7公里Hg在白天28。RGC数字由标记的FG和β数了；-III-Tubulin抗体标记是64807±；4930和64614±；5054分别地在控制组织，没有重要差别。在白天14，RGC在里面试验性的组与控制组相比显著地减少了，但是标记数的FG和β之间没有重要差别；在试验性的组或在控制组把数的任何一个标记的-III-Tubulin抗体。结果在白天是类似的28，与进一步的RGCloss.CONCLUSIONOur，结果建议β；-III-Tubulin蛋白质没被IOP举起影响并且能在绿内障的试验性的模型为RGC被用作一个可靠标记。

简介：Itisknownthataminoglycosideantibioticscandamagethevestibularandauditorysensoryepithelia,andtheloopdiureticscanenhancetheototoxiceffectofaminoglycosides.Previousstudiesonthesynergisticeffectofthesetwotypesofdrugshaveusedmice,guineapigsandcats,butnotrats.Theaimofthisstudywastodeterminethissynergisticeffectsinratcochleae.Ratsreceivedintravenousinjectionsofdifferentdosesoffurosemideand/orintramuscularinjectionsofkanamycinsulfate.Auditorybrainstemresponse(ABR),scanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andimmunocytochemistrywereusedtodeterminetheeffectsofdrugadministration.Inthegroupreceivingcombinedadministrationoffurosemideandkanamycin,theABRthresholdshowedsignificantelevation3daysafterdrugadministration,greaterthansingledrugadministration.Thehaircellsshowedvariousdegreesofinjuryfromtheapicalturntothebasalturnofthecochleaandfromtheouterhaircellstotheinnerhaircells.Neuronfibersofthehaircellsshowedsignificantloss7daysafterthedrugadministration,butthenumberofspiralgangliadidnotdecreaseandsupportingcellsshowednosignsofinjury.Ourstudysuggestthatcombinedadministrationoffurosemideandkanamycinhasansynergisticototoxiceffect,andcanresultinhaircelllossandhearinglossinrats.

简介：Age-relatedhearingloss(AHL),orpresbycusis,isthemostcommonneurodegenerativedisorderandtopcommunicationdeficitoftheagedpopulation.GeneticpredispositionisoneofthemajorfactorsinthedevelopmentofAHL.Generally,AHLisassociatedwithanage-dependentlossofsensoryhaircells,spiralganglionneuronsandstriavasculariscellsintheinnerear.Althoughthemechanismsleadingtogenetichearinglossarenotcompletelyunderstood,caspase-familyproteasesfunctionasimportantsignalsintheinnerearpathology.ItisnowacceptedthatmousemodelsarethebesttoolstostudythemechanismofgenetichearinglossorAHL.Here,weprovideabriefreviewofrecentstudiesonhearingimprovementinmousemodelsofAHLbyanti-apoptotictreatment.

简介：Minipigmodelsarelargemammalsandtheirearsaremoresimilarwithhumanbeingsinstructureanddevelopmentthanotheranimals.However,thestudyonporcineearsisstillintheinitialstageandthereisnodescriptionofanidealoperationapproachtoendocochlearpotentialandpotassiumionconcentrationmeasurements.Inthisarticle,wedescribeapre-auricularsurgicalapproachtoaccessthemiddleandinnerearforendocochlearpotentialandpotassiumionconcentrationmeasuresinminipigmodels.Tenone-weekoldnormalminipigswereusedinthestudy.Thebullaofthetemporalbonewasaccessedviaapre-auricularapproachforendocochlearpotentialandpotassiumionconcentrationmeasurements.Theconditionoftheanimalsduringthefirstpost—experiment24hwasobserved.Oneanimaldiedduringsurgery.Thepreauricularapproachimprovedprotectionandpreservationofrelevantnervousandvascularelementsincludingthefacialnerveandcarotidartery.So,thepre-auricularapproachcanbeusedforendocochlearpotentialandpotassiumionconcentrationmeasurementswithimprovednerveandarterypreservationminipigs.

简介：AbstractBackground:Substantial research is underway to develop next-generation interventions that address current malaria control challenges. As there is limited testing in their early development, it is difficult to predefine intervention properties such as efficacy that achieve target health goals, and therefore challenging to prioritize selection of novel candidate interventions. Here, we present a quantitative approach to guide intervention development using mathematical models of malaria dynamics coupled with machine learning. Our analysis identifies requirements of efficacy, coverage, and duration of effect for five novel malaria interventions to achieve targeted reductions in malaria prevalence.Methods:A mathematical model of malaria transmission dynamics is used to simulate deployment and predict potential impact of new malaria interventions by considering operational, health-system, population, and disease characteristics. Our method relies on consultation with product development stakeholders to define the putative space of novel intervention specifications. We couple the disease model with machine learning to search this multi-dimensional space and efficiently identify optimal intervention properties that achieve specified health goals.Results:We apply our approach to five malaria interventions under development. Aiming for malaria prevalence reduction, we identify and quantify key determinants of intervention impact along with their minimal properties required to achieve the desired health goals. While coverage is generally identified as the largest driver of impact, higher efficacy, longer protection duration or multiple deployments per year are needed to increase prevalence reduction. We show that interventions on multiple parasite or vector targets, as well as combinations the new interventions with drug treatment, lead to significant burden reductions and lower efficacy or duration requirements.Conclusions:Our approach uses disease dynamic models and machine learning to support decision-making and resource investment, facilitating development of new malaria interventions. By evaluating the intervention capabilities in relation to the targeted health goal, our analysis allows prioritization of interventions and of their specifications from an early stage in development, and subsequent investments to be channeled cost-effectively towards impact maximization. This study highlights the role of mathematical models to support intervention development. Although we focus on five malaria interventions, the analysis is generalizable to other new malaria interventions.