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简介：TaijiquanisamartialartofthehighestorderisculturallyetchedintheChineseheritageandentrenchedinwushupulpfictionandkungfumovies.Thereinliestheenigma.Thegentleslow-motionpracticecannotbemoreremotefromthespeedandpowerofcombat.AndaddingtothemystiqueisthepropositionthatTaijiquan'skungfuprowessisnotdrawnfromthephysicalstrengthofthemusculaturebutfromsome"innerstrength"orNeijin.ThissacredbeliefwasdesecratedwhenafighterthrashedaselfproclaimedTaijiquangrandmasterignominiouslyin10secondsinanopenmatch.Taijiquanwasthenderidedasaboguscombatart.TheincidentshakesthefoundationofTaijiquanandputsintoquestionsmanyofitstoutedclaims,whichchallengesthescientificquestoftheart.ThepaperconfrontstheissuedirectlybystudyingthemanifestationofNeijinintheframeworkofsciencetoprovideascientificbasisfortheart.Ittranscribestheyin-yangmetaphysicsthatregulatesTaijiquantrainingintermsofthealignmentofmuscleactionstobalanceandtounifymomentum,whichdevelopsthecorestrengthofNeijinandtheunderlyinglife-forceQienergy.Fromthisflowsthekungfumarvels,whichlieinthelivelinessandagilityofNeijin'sresponseandintheforceensuingthatisoftherightvectorvalues,allessentialinthefluidityofcombatapplication.ThemartialaspectofTaijiquanprovidesaconcreterepresentationofNeijin,whichgivesanexperientialinsightintothemultifacetedconceptofQi,andinturnapathwaytotheexplorationofQiinphysiologyandthusinQienergymedicine.

简介：目的：探讨RAGE及其配体S100B在实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力（EAMG）中对T细胞的作用及其相关机制。方法：选取体重160-180g的Lewis大鼠,并将其随机分为EAMG模型组和CFA对照组。EAMG模型组大鼠通过尾根部注入200μL含有R-AChR97-116肽段的免疫乳剂,并于初始免疫后的第30天尾根部追加免疫一次;CFA对照组大鼠为免疫乳剂中不含有R-AChR97-116肽段。采用流式细胞术检测和比较两组大鼠CD4＋T细胞上RAGE的表达情况;ELISA方法检测淋巴细胞培养上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17、TGF-β、IL-6和S100B的表达水平;采用S100B体外干预淋巴细胞,进一步检测S100B对EAMG大鼠T细胞增殖、亚型分布、细胞因子分泌的影响。结果：在疾病发生的晚期时相（初次免疫后第45天）,EAMG组淋巴细胞CD4＋T细胞上RAGE的表达明显高于CFA组（P〈0.001）,血清中RAGE的配体S100B的表达也高于CFA组（P〈0.001）;体外加入S100B干预能促进T淋巴细胞的增殖,与未干预组相比较差异显著（P〈0.05）;S100B刺激后,Th1细胞和Th17细胞的百分比进一步增高,Th2细胞和Treg细胞百分比下降（PTh1〈0.05,PTh17〈0.05,PTh2〉0.05,PTreg〈0.05）,IFN-γ和IL-17的表达上调（PIFN-γ〈0.05,PIL-17〈0.05）,而IL-4和TGF-β表达下降（PTGF-β〈0.01,PIL-4〉0.05）,Th17细胞的调控因子IL-6表达升高（PIL-6〈0.05）。结论：RAGE及其配体S100B参与EAMG的发病过程,在晚期时相中表现出明显的致病性;RAGE与S100B相互作用可以上调T细胞的致病性作用,加重四种辅助性T细胞之间的网络失衡。

简介：ThisisthespecialissuedevotedtobioinformaticsresearchinSingapore.BioinformaticsresearchinSingaporestartedlargelyin1996whentheBioinformaticsCenter,NationalUniversityofSingapore,wasformed.Withthegovernment'seffortstoturnSingaporeintoapowerhouseofbiomedicalresearch,theGenomeInstituteofSingaporeandtheBioinformaticsInstituteofSingaporehavebeenestablishedsince2000.Recently,abioinformaticsresearchcenterwasalsoformedintheNanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Currently,therearealargenumberofbioinformaticsresearchteamsineachoftheseinstitutions.

简介：CD4T助手(Th)房间在适应有免疫力的回答起关键作用。他们包括B房间，CD8T房间，巨噬细胞，桅杆房间，neutrophils，嗜曙红血球和basophils招募并且激活另外的有免疫力的房间。基于他们的功能，他们cytokine分泌物的模式和他们特定的抄写因素的表示，Th房间，区分开来与na?veCD4T房间，被分类进四个主要的系，Th1，Th2，Th17和T规章(Treg)房间，尽管另外的Th系可以存在。一样的系的子集可以表示不同受动器cytokines，在不同地点住或而从不同的系的房间可以分泌普通cytokines，产生有不同命运的房间，导致Th房间人口的巨大的异质，例如IL-2，IL-9和IL-10。另外，cytokine分泌物的模式可以在某些情形下面向另外一个从一个系的切换，建议Th房间是塑料的。Tregs比原来是思维的也更异构、塑料。在这评论，我们在Th房间的异质和粘性上总结最近的报告，并且讨论如此的特征的潜在的机制和Th房间显示的含意。

简介：ApoptosisplaysanessentialroleinTcellbiology.ThymocytesexpressingnonfunctionalorautoreactiveTCRsareeliminatedbyapoptosisduringdevelopment.ApoptosisalsoleadstothedeletionofexpandedeffectorTcellsduringimmuneresponses.Thedysregulationofapoptosisintheimmunesystemresultsinautoimmunity,tumorogenesisandimmunodeficiency.Twomajorpathwaysleadtoapoptosis:theintrinsiccelldeathpathwaycontrolledbyBcl-2familymembersandtheextrinsiccelldeathpathwaycontrolledbydeathreceptorsignaling.Thesetwopathwaysworktogethertoregu

简介：Themodulationandcontrolofgecko'sfootmovementswerestudiedelectrophysiologicallyinordertodesignthemotorcontrolsystemofagecko-mimicrobot.Inthisstudy(1)theanatomyoftheperipheralnervescontrollingthegecko'sfootmovementswasdetermined;(2)therelationshipbetweenthelimbnervesofthegeckoanditsfootmotorpatternswasstudied;(3)theafferentimpulsesofthenervesevokedbyrubbingthegecko'stoesandpalmwererecorded;(4)copyingthenaturalpatternsofmovementofthegecko'sfoot(abduction,adduction,flexion,andrevolution)anditslimbnervemodulationandcontrolmechanism,thenerveswerestimulatedundercomputercontrol,andtheresultsrecordedbyCCD.Resultssuggestthatgecko'sfootmovementscanbesuccessfullycontrolledbyartificialelectricalsignals.

简介：Thesandfishisalizardhavingtheremarkableabilitytomoveindesertsandinaswimming-likefashion.Themostout-standingadaptationstothismodeoflifearethelowfrictionbehaviourandtheextensiveabrasionresistanceofthesandfishskinagainstsand,outperformingevensteel.Weinvestigatedthetopography,thecompositionandthemechanicalpropertiesofsandfishscales.Theseconsistofglycosylatedkeratinswithhighamountofsulphurbutnohardinorganicmaterial,suchassilicatesorlime.Remarkably,atomicforcemicroscopyshowsanalmostcompleteabsenceofattractiveforcesbetweenthescalesurfaceandasilicontip,suggestingthatthisisresponsiblefortheunusualtribologicalproperties.Theunusualglycosylationofthekeratinswasfoundtobeabsolutelynecessaryforthedescribedphenomenon.Thescalesweredissolvedandreconstitutedonapolymersurfaceresultinginpropertiessimilartotheoriginalscale.Thus,weprovideapathwaytowardsexploitationofthereconstitutedscalematerialforfutureengineeringapplications.

简介：Immunotherapythatspecificallytargetstumorcellsisthepreferredapproachtoinducetumorregression.Overthepastdecade,significantprogresshasbeenmadeindevisingvariousmethodstodirecttheimmunesystemtorespondtotumorcells.Themajorhurdleforsuccessfulimmunotherapyistoovercomeimmunetoleranceinthetumormicroenvironment.Recentclinicaltrialswithdendriticcell-basedvaccination[1,2]andCTLA4blockingantibodies[3]haveshowngreatpromise,thoughcompletecancerregressionisnotalwaysachieved[4].Currently,alternativestrategiespotentiallyleadingtocancereradicationorregressioninanimalorclinicalmodelsarebeingenthusiasticallypursued.InthisissueofCellResearch,Wangetal.reportanovelwaytoinducetumorimmunitybytheuseofirradiatedautologousTcells[5].

简介：China'sFreeARTProgramwasinitiatedin2002asanemergencyresponsetosaveandimprovethelivesofAIDSpatientslivingmainlyinimpoverishedruralregionsofcentralChina.WithlittleexperienceinHIV/AIDStreatmentandcareandresourcelimitations,China'seffortstoprovidewidespreadaccesstofreeantiretroviraltherapyhasbeenaprocessfraughtwithdifficulty.However,theFreeARTProgramisprogressingfromanemergencyresponsetoastandardizedtreatmentandcaresystem.Thedevelopmentofnationalguidelines,trainingprograms,alaboratorysupportnetwork,anationalpatientdatabase,programsforspecialpopulationssuchaschildrenandpatientslivingwithcoinfections,andoperationalresearchhasimprovedthescopeandqualityofthefreetreatmentprogram.AsofJune30,2005,atotalof19,456patientsin28provinces,autonomousregions,andspecialmunicipalitieshadreceivedfreeART.ChallengesstemmingfromthenatureofChina'shealthsystemandpatientpopulationpersist,butwithstronggovernmentsupportandadiversesetofresources,Chinahasthecapacitytoovercomethesechallengesandtoprovidenationwideaccesstohighqualitytreatmentandcare.

简介：Naturalcomposites,formedthroughbiomineralization,havehighlyorderedstructureswhichhavebeenaptlyexploredforfunctionalapplications.Thoughtheroleoforganicphaseshasbeenwellunderstoodinbiomineralization,notenoughattentionhasbeenpaidtotheroleofbio-membraneswhichareoftenfoundencapsulatingthechamberinwhichmineralizationoccurs.Wehaveusedthenaturalproteinandsemi-permeablemembraneofchickeneggstogrowdifferentmaterialssuchasceramics,semi-metalsandmetalstounderstandtheroleofbio-membranesinbiomineralization.Weherereportthesuccessfulbiomimeticsynthesisofcalcite,cadmiumsulphide,andsilverhavinghomogeneousmorphologies.Wehavefoundthatthemembraneoperateslikeatunedgateway,playingasignificantroleincontrollingthemorphologyoftheinorganiccrystalsformedduringbiomineralization.

简介：Granulocyte巨噬细胞刺激殖民地的因素(GM-CSF)是一个重要造血的生长因素和有免疫力的调节的人。GM-CSF也在各种各样的传播白血球的功能的活动有深刻效果。它被许多房间类型在收到有免疫力的刺激之上包括T房间，巨噬细胞，endothelial房间和成纤维细胞生产。尽管GM-CSF局部地被生产，它能以一种paracrine方式行动到在主人防卫提高他们的功能的成员传播neutrophils，单核白血球和淋巴细胞。最近的集中的调查为它增加树枝状的房间(DC)成熟和功能以及巨噬细胞活动的能力作为一个有免疫力的助手在GM-CSF的应用程序上被集中。在经历化疗的癌症病人对待嗜中性白血球减少症临床上被使用，在在治疗期间的爱滋病病人，并且在在骨髓移植以后的病人。有趣地，GM-CSF-deficient老鼠的造血的系统看起来正常；最重要的变化在一些特定的T房间回答。尽管GM-CSF的分子的克隆用T房间的cDNA图书馆被执行，T房间在激活以后生产GM-CSF，是众所周知的，在T房间功能上有在由T房间和它的效果的生产的这cytokine的系统的调查的缺乏。在这篇文章，我们将在T房间主要集中于GM-CSF的免疫生物学。

简介：通过对20世纪80年代以来具有代表性的华北夏谷区审(鉴)定的20个主栽谷子品种进行SSR标记多态性分析,研究了华北地区育成谷子品种的遗传多样性。49对引物在20个谷子品种中扩增出具有多态性的条带,共检测出142个等位变异,平均每个位点检测出的等位变异数为2.96个。标记位点多态性信息含量(PIC)变幅为0.0904~0.6896,平均为0.4168。20份材料间的遗传距离变幅为0.0173~0.9000,聚类分析将其分成3个类群,其中谷丰1号自成一类,表明谷丰1号的遗传距离较其他品种大。不同年代谷子品种间遗传距离分析结果显示,各年代品种之间的平均遗传距离由大到小依次是1980s>1990s>2000s>2010s,表明随着年代的递进育成品种的遗传差异减小,亲缘关系增近。

简介：Thecorona-likespikesorpeplomersonthesurfaceofthevirionunderelectronicmicroscopearethemoststrikingfeaturesofcoronaviruses.TheS(spike)proteinisthelargeststructuralprotein,with1,255aminoacids,intheviralgenome.Itsstructurecanbedividedintothreeregions:alongN-terminalregionintheexte-rior,acharacteristictransmembrane(TM)region,andashortC-terminusintheinteriorofavirion.WedetectedfifteensubstitutionsofnucleotidesbycomparisonswiththeseventeenpublishedSARS-CoVgenomesequences,eight(53.3%)ofwhicharenon-synonymousmutationsleadingtoaminoacidalternationswithpredictedphysiochemicalchanges.ThepossibleantigenicdeterminantsoftheSproteinarepredicted,andtheresultisconfirmedbyELISA(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay)withsynthesizedpeptides.AnotherprofoundfindingisthatthreedisulfidebondsaredefinedattheC-terminuswiththeN-terminusoftheE(envelope)pro-tein,basedonthetypicalsequenceandpositions,thusestablishingthestructuralconnectionwiththesetwoimportantstructuralproteins,ifconfirmed.Phyloge-neticanalysisrevealsseveralconservedregionsthatmightbepotentdrugtargets.

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简介：参照人的T细胞分离方法用于猪T细胞分离，经二次绵羊红细胞分离的T细胞，用PHA从功能上鉴定获得纯度很高的T细胞，能进一步用于有关T细胞方面研究。

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简介：目的建立具有潮霉素(hygromycin)抗性的3T3细胞系,用于转染目的基因(pTRE-Ins-human)的ES阳性细胞克隆筛选的饲养层.方法通过脂质体转染的方法,将含有潮霉素B磷酸转移酶基因的质粒pHyg导入3T3细胞中,利用潮霉素的药物选择特性,对转染细胞进行压力筛选,并对其进行PCR鉴定.结果经500μg/ml的潮霉素压力筛选后,获得了抗性细胞克隆.抗性3T3细胞的形态和生长速度与正常3T3细胞没有差异,特异性核苷酸引物检测抗性细胞基因组DNA,可以扩增出对应的核苷酸片段.结论成功地培育了潮霉素抗性的3T3细胞,为进行目的基因(pTRE-Ins-human)转染ES细胞的阳性细胞克隆筛选奠定了基础.