简介：2013年9月2日，102岁的罗纳德·科斯与世长辞。科斯之死给中国学术界带来的缅怀与惋惜之情估计不弱于美国。有人想起周其仁的那段话——如果科斯与邓小平会面，他们一定会相互欣赏，有人感慨于科斯终其一生从未踏上中国的土地，有人回忆这位老人对中国改革开放的高度赞扬，有人毫不吝啬地写下如此评语——科斯的产权与交易理论奇异地在中国这个大国产生着难以估量的深远影响。

简介：有些植物喜欢在某些特殊的土壤中生长,根须深深地钻进地层深处,吸收那些生活所需的微量矿物质,随着水分一起进入植物的茎、叶和花果中。

简介：你是不是梦想着拥有和专业大厨一样的高超调味技巧？丹麦一个大学生设计了味道指示器，它能帮助你辨别菜肴的味道。它看上去像是一把汤勺，只要将它放进食物中，就能显示食物的咸度、甜度、酸度、辣度等多个指标，然后将信息传输到电脑上并显示出来。有了它，你再也不用担心做菜时调料放多啦。

简介：在我的家庭档案中，收藏着一件非常珍贵的“文物”，那就是我们的结婚证。这张结婚证类似我小学得过的奖状，它不仅记录着我们的爱情故事，也记录着那一段难忘的历史。

简介：人称指示语是指示语的一个基本类型。自我中心性是人称指示语的最基本的特征，在此基础上国外学者们提出了“移情等级”的概念。文章主要研究不同类型人称指称表达武的移情功能差异，以及人称代词和人称名词两类指称表达内部．不同小类之间的移情功能差异。

简介：萨满舞蹈中的指示符号通过展示神灵形象、暗示神灵在场，强化了身体语言叙事的效果，增强了仪式的信服力，对于构建萨满教仪式的氛围、强化仪式对族人观念的影响起到了重要作用。本文通过对中国北方少数民族萨满舞蹈身体语言的分析，试图时其中指示符号的类型进行概括总结，并在此基础上对指示符号的功能进行探讨。

简介：本文以厦门环岛路指示牌设计为例．由指示牌的基本意义入手．通过对厦门环岛路的实地调查．寻找发现其中的不足．并且找出相应的解决办法。着重从城市文化、城市色彩、材质与民间艺术四个方面．同时结合相关案例．进行深入分析探讨指示牌设计当中如何融入地域文化与特色的问题．

简介：摘要目的比较第4类、第5类包内化学指示卡灭菌效果监测差别，评价不同包内化学指示卡的灭菌监测性能。方法采用脉动式压力蒸汽灭茵器，将第4类、第5类包内化学指示卡分别置于各种器械包、敷料包内，采取相同的时间、温度、压力进行灭菌，并在灭菌完毕后对所有的试验包进行现场打开检查，比较两类化学指示卡的有效性及适应性。结果第4类包内指示卡用于器械包的监测中出现一定程度的误差，受人为因素和外界因素的影响较大。而第5类包指示卡则对各类物品灭菌效果监测都适宜，不受人为因素和外界因素的影响。结论压力蒸汽灭菌时正确合理的选择包内指示卡效果监测是确保灭菌质量的关键。

简介：有号召力的慈善家李连杰前几天，小编貌似看过一则新闻，说是李连杰花了上亿元建的豪宅。因为长期不住，现在已经沦为看守豪宅的保安们的宿舍了。闲话休提，言归正传。2013年4月20日雅安市地震。社会各界纷纷行动，但是这次。大家学乖了，除了几十万个“滚”字之外，不想捐给红十字会一毛钱。那么大家捐给谁呢？很多人将视线转向了已经摆脱红十字会的壹基金。很快，由李连杰先生创办的壹基金两天募资4000万元，

简介：2011年夏季对扎龙湿地夏季底栖动物种群结构和水质状况进行了综合研究，期间应用双向指示种（TWINSPAN）分析技术，以7个采样点的数据为基础，对各采样点进行了归纳分类。结果显示：扎龙地区水域可以划分为3个类型，6#翁海排干和7#东升水库污生指数（佃P）最小，水质最好，其次为2#采样点，水质稍差，为轻度污染，1#、3#、4#、5#水质较前两组差，3#（扎龙湖）和5#（龙湖）样点已达到β-中污染，但根据污生指数评价标准分析，扎龙湿地整体水质属于轻污染。

简介：新的历史条件下,习主席从党和国家事业发展战略全局的高度,对加强作风建设作出了一系列重要指示,并对部队作风建设作出"三个坚持"、"三个着力"的重要批示,为加强部队作风建设指明了方向。加强党委班子作风建设,必须从严要求、从严治理,坚决纠治官兵反映强烈的不正之风,着力破解深层次矛盾和问题,努力构建规范化、制度化的长效机制,切实以过硬的作风带出部队的好风气。一、强化政治意识,在纯正思想中锤炼过硬作风,确保党委班

简介：AIM:TodiscusstheimpactofLyciumBarbarumPolysaccharide(LBP)andDanshensupurifiedfromTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)onvascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)ofrabbitswithretinalneovascularization.METHODS:Fortyrabbitsweredividedintonormalcontrolgroup,modelcontrolgroup,LBPgroupandDanshensugroup.Animalsinthenormalcontrolgroupwerefedinthenormaloxygenenvironment.Animalsintheotherthreegroupswereputintotheenvironmentwith70%oxygenfor5daysinordertobuildthemodelofoxygen-inducedvascularproliferationretinopathy.AndthendifferentTCMextractwasinjectedintotheabdominalcavitiesoftheseannimals.After7days,theVEGFcontentofintheserumofrabbitwasmeasuredbydoubleantibodysandwichmethod.RESULTS:DataanalysisindicatedthatVEGFcontentwasasfollows:Danshensugroupwaslowerthanmodelcontrolgroup(12.92±3.84ng/Lvs19.32±4.15ng/L,P<0.05);LBPgroupandnormalcontrolgroupwerelowerthanmodelcontrolgroup(12.92±3.84ng/L,9.26±1.61ng/Lvs19.32±4.15ng/L,P<0.01);totalbloodviscosity,plasmaviscosity,cholesterolcontent,fibrinogencontentandtriacylglycerolcontentafterperitonealinjectionofLBPandDanshensuwereobviouslylowerthanbeforeinjection.CONCLUSION:TCMextract-LBPandDanshensucanprominentlyreducethecontentofVEGFintheprocessofvascularproliferativeretinopathyofrabbit;canpreventtheoccurrenceofretinalmicrovasculardiseasebyimprovingpartialoxygen-deficientenvironmentoraffectingallkindsofnewgrowthfactor.

简介：引子远处的廊柱模模糊糊的，目光无法聚焦在一点。脑袋像被搅拌机搅过一般，混混沌沌，四分五裂。渐渐地，男人注意到自己的手上拿着一样东西，那上面有红色的液体在延淌着。“血……”他的脑中闪过一个可怕的念头，令其浑身都为之一颤。他使劲地揉了揉眼睛，试图再一次将目光聚焦到手上。——那是一把刀，黑色的刀柄就握在他的手上，而短短的刀刃上淌着像血一样的东西。他的手颤抖起来，脑海中闪回式地浮现出了片段的记忆。那个女人一直在叫嚣。她说：“明天，你那副道貌岸然的嘴脸就会被公之于众。”她嘴角飞着唾沫，两只眼角向上吊起，之前看她还觉得娇媚可人，此时此刻却丑态毕露。她又说：“除非你帮我做一件事，我就保证永远闭嘴，绝不再给你惹任何麻烦。”

简介：AIM:ToexploretheinhibitoryeffectofasustainedcyclosporinA(CsA)deliverymicrosphere(CsA-MS)onposteriorcapsularopacification(PCO)inrabbiteyesaftercataractextraction.·METHODS:TwentyNewZealandwhiterabbitsacceptedcataractextractionplusintraocularlensimplantationandtheirlefteyeswereintraoperativelyinjectedCsA-MSpreparedusingpolymerpolylactioglycolicacid(PLGA)asacarrierandtheirrighteyeswereinjectedwithemptyMS.Thechangesincornea,anteriorchamberreaction,intraocularpressure,PCOandCsAconcentrationinaqueoushumorwereexaminedpostoperativelyandalltheeyeswereenucleated3monthsaftersurgeryforhistopathologicalandmorphologicalexaminationwithlightmicroscopyandelectronmicroscopy.·RESULTS:Conjunctivalhyperemia,cornealedema,intraocularpressureandanteriorchamberresponseofexperimentalandcontroleyesweresimilar,whilePCOinCsAMSinjectedeyeswasgreatlyimprovedcomparedwiththatincontroleyes.PosteriorcapsulesinCsA-MSinjectedeyesweresmoothandlensepithelialcells(LEC)didnotproliferatesignificantly(P>0.05),whileLECinposteriorcapsuleofcontroleyeshaddifferentdegreesofproliferationandcorticalregeneration.LECinCsA-MSinjectedeyeswerenotfunctionallyactiveandunderwentapoptosis,whereasLECincontroleyeswerefunctionallyactive(F-test,P=0.025).Inaddition,thecornealultrastructureshowednodifferencesbetweenCsA-MSandMSinjectedeyes.CONCLUSION:CsA-MShashighbioavailabilityinrabbiteyesandcouldinhibitpostoperativePCOoccurrenceanddevelopmentduringthestudyperiod,suggestingthatCsA-MSmaybeapromising,effectiveandsafeadministrationroutetopreventPCOinclinic.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatetheeffectofY-27632onthesurvivalandneuriteoutgrowthoftheculturedretinalneurocytes.METHODS:Afterthepostnatalday2-3,Sprague-Dawleyretinalneurocyteswereculturedfor48hours,theculturemediawasreplacedwithserum-freemedia(controlgroup)andserum-freemediacontained30μmol/LY-27632(Y-27632group),andthecellswerecontinuallyculturedanother48hours.Theculturedretinalneurocyteswereidentifiedwithanti-neuronspecificenolase(NSE)immunocytochemistry.ThesurvivalstateofthosecellswasestimatedbyMTTassay,andtheneuriteoutgrowthofthosecellswasevaluatedbythecomputerizedimage-analysissystem.RESULTS:Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,theabsorbancevaluesofcellssurvivalinY-27632groupincreased12.90%and33.33%respectivelyafter72and96hoursculture.Y-27632hadnosignificanteffectonthediameterofculturedretinalneurocytes.Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,Y-27632inducedastableimprovementofneuriteoutgrowthofretinalneurocytesafter72and96hoursculture(P=0.001).CONCLUSION:Y-27632couldpromotethesurvivalandneuriteoutgrowthoftheearlypostnatalculturedretinalneurocytes.

简介：AIM:Toevaluatetheepidemiologic,anatomic,andclinicalfeaturesofopenglobeinjuriesinchildren.METHODS:Themedicalfilesofpatientsundertheageof16whohadbeenoperatedforanopenglobeinjuryatAkdenizUniversityHospital’sDepartmentofOphthalmologywereretrospectivelyevaluated.RESULTS:Atotalof90patientswereevaluatedinthisstudy.Amongthesepatients,26(28.9%)werefemaleand64(71.1%)weremale.Themeanageofthepatientswas7.7±4.2years.Themale/femaleratiowasobservedtoincreasewithincreasingage(P=0.006,P=7.48).Injuriesweremostlikelytooccurinspringandautumn(P=0.028).Thetimeintervalbetweentheinjuryandthesurgicalrepairwas9.36±27.4h.Forty(44.4%)oftheinjuriesoccurredinthehome,27(30%)occurredintheyard,and21(23.3%)happenedwhileplayinginthestreet.Themostcommoncausesofinjuryweresharpmetalobjects(P<0.001).Injurytothecorneaoccurredin47(52.2%)ofthepatients(P<0.001).Themostcommoncomplicationtooccurwascataractformation.Additionaloperationswerenecessaryfor37(41.1%)ofthepatients.Thefinalvisualacuitywascorrelatedwithboththeinitialvisualacuityofthewoundedeyepriortosurgeryandthelengthofthewound(P<0.001,r=0.502andP<0.001,r=-0.442,respectively).CONCLUSION:Openglobeinjuriesthataresufferedinchildhoodgenerallyoccureitherathome,intheyard,oronthestreet,withsharpmetalobjectsbeingthemostcommoncauseofinjury.Theinitialvisualacuityandthelengthofthewoundarethemostimportantdeterminantsofthefinalvisualacuity.

简介：AIM:Tocharacterizetemporalpatternofresolutionandrecurrenceofnaivechoroidalneovascularization(CNV)secondarytowetage-relatedmaculardegeneration(AMD)treatedwithintravitrealbevacizumabonasneededregimen,andtoanalyzebaselineriskfactorsforCNVresolutionorrecurrence.METHODS:Ninety-oneeyesof80patientswithnewlydiagnosedwetAMDwereretrospectivelystudied.Alleyesweretreatedwitharoundofthreemonthlyintravitrealbevacizumabinjections,followedbyoneadditional’bonus’injectionafterresolutionofCNVactivity.Duringfollow-up,eyesweremonitoredwithfluoresceinangiography,opticalcoherencetomography,andbest-correctedvisualacuity(BCVA).IncaseofrecurrencesofCNVactivity,eyeswereretreatedwithotherroundsofbevacizumabinjectionsfollowingthesametreatmentprotocol.RESULTS:Overamedianfollow-upof532d,themedianresolutiontimeofCNVactivityinthefirst,second,andthirdtreatmentroundwas98d,126d,and111d,respectively.Themedianrecurrencetimeforthethreeroundswas154d,126d,and151d,respectively.Nosignificantdifferenceinresolutiontime(P=0.09)orinrecurrencetime(P=0.11)wasdetectedamongtreatmentrounds.Age(P=0.0082)andlensstatus(P=0.035)werefoundtobeassociatedwithCNVresolution;forevery1-yearincreaseinagetherewas4%greaterchanceofCNVresolution;Phakiceyesdemonstrateda33%betterchancetoexperienceCNVresolutionthanpseudophakiceyes.ForCNVrecurrence,lensstatus(P=0.0009)andgender(P=0.0446)werefoundtobepredictive;pseudophakiceyeshada3.69-foldgreaterrisktoexperiencerecurrenceofCNVactivitycomparedtophakiceyes;maleshada2.19-foldgreaterrisktoexperiencerecurrenceofCNVactivitythanfemales.NosignificantBCVAchangesamongthreetreatmentroundswerenoted(P=0.56).CONCLUSION:ResolutiontimeandrecurrencetimeofCNVactivitywerenotsignificantlydifferentamongtreatmentrounds,suggestingabsenceoftachyphylaxistobevacizumab.Acautiousdecisionshouldbemadeupondisco

简介：AIM:ToevaluatetheefficacyofSeprafilmtransplantationfollowingadhesiolysisforpreventingpostoperativereadhesionandimprovingsurgicaloutcomes.METHODS:Primaryblepharoplastywascarriedoutonbotheyelidsof18albinorabbits.After2weeks,anewskinincisionwasmade,andadhesiolysiswasperformedonbotheyelids.Therabbitswerecategorizedintotwogroups,onewithadhesiolysisaloneinthelefteyelid(controlgroup),andtheotherwithadhesiolysiswithaSeprafilmgraftintherighteyelid(Seprafilmgroup).Thedegreesofinflammationandfibrosiswereexaminedwithhematoxylin-eosin(HE)andMasson’strichromestains.Expressionofα-smoothmuscleactin(α-SMA)wasalsoimmunohistochemicallyexamined.RESULTS:Eyelidexaminationimmediatelyaftertheoperationrevealedmildswellingandhemorrhageinbothgroups,butthesesymptomsresolvedafter1week-2weeks,andeyelidshapehadrecoveredcompletelyinbothgroups.MicroscopicassessmentsdemonstratedthattheSeprafilmgroupshowedlessinflammationandfibrosisthanthecontrolgroup.TheSeprafilmgroupalsoexhibitedfewerα-SMA-positivecellsthanthecontrolgroup.CONCLUSION:Basedonthesefindings,weconcludethatSeprafilmgraftwithadhesiolysisisaneffectivemethodforpreventingpostoperativereadhesionsaftereyelidsurgery.

简介：AIM:ExcessivedissolveofcornealtissueinducedbyMMPswhichwereactivatedbycytokinsandchemokineswillleadtocornealulcer.ThemolecularmechanismofLipoxinA4(LXA4)oncornealcollagendegradationinthreedimensionswasinvestigated.·METHODS:Rabbitcornealfibroblastswereharvestedandsuspendedinserum-freeMEM.TypeIcollagen,DMEM,collagenreconstitutionbufferandcornealfibroblastsuspensionweremixedonice.Theresultantmixturesolidifiedinanincubator,afterwhichtestreagentsandplasminogenwasoverlaidandthecultureswerereturnedtotheincubator.Thesupernatantsfromcollagengelincubationswerecollectedandtheamountofhydroxyprolineinthehydrolysatewasmeasured.ImmunoblotanalysisofMMP-1,-3andTMMP-1,-2wasperformed.MMP-2,-9wasdetectedbythemethodofGelatinzymography.Cytotoxicityassaywasmeasured.RESULTS:LXA4inhibitedcornealcollagendegradationinadoseandtimemanner.LXA4inhibitedtheIL-1βinducedincreasesinthepro-MMP-1,-2,-3,-9andactiveMMP-1,-2,-3,-9inaconcentrationdependentmanner.LXA4alsoinhibitedtheIL-1βinducedincreasesinTIMP-1,-2.CONCLUSION:Asapotentanti-inflammationreagent,LXA4caninhibitcornealcollagendegradationinducedbyIL-1βincornealfibroblaststhusinhibitingcornealdissolvingpathologyprocess.

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