简介：AbstractAssisted reproductive technology (ART) has evolved rapidly over the last 40 years, offering hope to individuals and couples struggling with infertility. As technology continues to evolve, simulating a realistic female reproductive system environment has become a common goal for all types of ARTs, thereby reducing the impact of the artificial microenvironment on perinatal and offspring health. In this review, we provide a brief history of the development of each major ART and discuss the impact of ART on perinatal and offspring health. We also explore how the negative consequences of ART may be overcome and how its benefits can be maximized.

简介：AbstractIt shows that detrimental exposures and conditions in mothers can lead to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring. This can lead to a vicious cycle of metabolic dysfunction, where rising rates of obesity, pre-diabetes, and diabetes in individuals of reproductive age, propagating risks to subsequent generations. It is well established that regular exercise has important health benefits for people with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recently, increasing studies aim to examine the effects of maternal exercise on metabolic health in offspring. This review aims to demonstrate the evidence linking maternal exercise during critical periods of development and its implications for glucose metabolism in offspring, including intervention timing, sexual dimorphism, different exercise type, and intensity. Then we further examine the potential role of epigenetic modifications in this process.

简介：AbstractThe effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on offspring include macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, cardiovascular disease, neural and mental injury, etc. The effects of GDM on the health status of offspring are sustained although pregnancy has ended. It has been proposed that fetal reprogramming causes long-term consequences to metabolic health in offspring. An intrauterine high-glucose environment may lead to changes in the multi-differentiation proficiency of intracorporal stem cells, showing decreased proliferation and osteogenic ability, increased adipogenic ability, accelerated apoptosis, and occurrence of premature failure. This environment also reduces the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells, whereas it increases that of medullary cells. This results in pro-inflammatory conditions and sustained inflammation in the body, thereby increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular and neurological disorders, and metabolic abnormalities. Stem cells derived from the amniotic membrane, umbilical cord, or placenta may be a reliable predictor of the long-term effects of GDM on offspring. The levels of blood glucose during pregnancy should be effectively controlled to reduce harm to the neonate.

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简介：抽象本地配偶比赛理论在传花粉给预言那后代性比率微量黄蜂当仅仅有一个女创立者时，是偏导女性的，并且在增加的后代性增加女创立者密度结果比率。另外的女创立者和离合器尺寸的信息被建议了是对在本地配偶竞争下面的性比率调整的主要贴近的解释。我们的焦点是在一只传花粉给的微量黄蜂显示出性比率调整的机制，CeratosolensolmsiMayr，机能上地雌雄异体的微量的obligatepollinator，Ficushispida悬崖，与这块地里的控制实验。首先，我们在不同oviposition序列从一pollinator和后代获得了后代，并且发现那后代性比率与离合器尺寸减少了，并且pollinators在一回的开始生产了大多数他们的男后代，列在后面由主要女性。第二，我们发现那后代性比率与女创立者密度增加了，并且pollinators做了在oviposition补丁以另外的女性调整他们的后代性比率。我们建议当oviposition地点是不有限的时，pollinators将主要以离合器尺寸变化的另外的女创立者独立人士调整他们的后代性比率，而当oviposition地点是有限的时，调整离合器尺寸可以被用来调整性比率。

简介：AbstractObjective:There are few reports of live births from heterotopic transplantation of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue. The purpose of this study is to assess the follicular development in the frozen-thawed ovarian tissues following heterotopic transplantation in both female and male bodies.Methods:Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) mice (6-8 weeks) were used in this study as ovarian tissue donors and foster mothers for embryo transfer. Sperm from CD1 male mice were used for insemination by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Nude severe combined immunodeficiency mice (8 weeks) were employed as recipients of ovarian tissue transplantation. The frozen-thawed ovarian tissues were transplanted to 4 sites on each mouse, female and male, subcutaneously. After 3 months, both female and male mice were injected with 5.0 IU gonadotropins intraperitoneally. Post 48 hours of injection, the mouse was killed for ovarian transplant collection. Only fully grown oocytes with contacted cumulus cells (cumulus-oocyte complexes) were then selected for maturation in vitro. In vitro matured oocytes were inseminated with fresh sperm by ICSI, and the developed blastocysts were frozen using the vitrification method and stored until embryo transfer. After thawing, the thawed blastocysts were incubated for at least 2 hours before the transfer. The foster mice mothers mated with vasectomised male 3 days previously. Live birth was monitored at 19 days after transfer, and the resulted offspring was raised for fertility test.Results:The relatively high recovery rates of the transplanted ovarian tissues were collected in both frozen-thawed and fresh ovarian tissue transplants from both female and male bodies. The fully grown immature oocytes became mature in vitro and the fertilized zygotes developed to blastocyst stage. There are no differences between frozen-thawed and fresh ovarian transplants in term of oocyte quality and embryo development to blastocyst rates. Nineteen-day post-transfer, 3 foster mothers from the frozen-thawed ovarian tissue transplant group delivered 13 pups and the 4 foster mothers of the fresh ovarian tissue transplant group delivered 12 live pups. The produced offspring were normal in appearance and grew healthy and fertile.Conclusions:Our results attest that the follicles can survive and develop in the frozen-thawed ovarian tissues following the subcutaneous transplant to adult male mouse’s body regardless of basal endocrinal environment. Those fully grown oocytes can produce healthy and fertile offspring which will provide the possibility for further mechanistic understanding of endocrinology of folliculogenesis.

简介：BackgoundEssentialhypertension(EH)isapolygenicinheritabledisease,generallyknownasacombinedresultofgeneticandenvironmentalelements.ItispossiblethatIR、AngiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)andNOplayimportantrolesinthepathogenesisofEH.MethodsSixtynormalsubjectswithafamilyhistoryofEH,aged30to40yearsold,wererecruitedandrandomizedintotwogroups:30withoneparentand30withbothparentswithEH,and30subjectswithoutfamilyhistoryofEHascontrols.TheplasmalevelofNOwasdeterminedbyelectrophotometerwhiletheplasmaleveloffastinsulin(FINS)andAngⅡweredeterminedbyradioimmuno-assay,andinsulinresistanceindex(IRI)wascalculated.Results①TheplasmalevelsofFINS,AngⅡ,NOincreasedsignificantlyinstudygroupscomparedwiththoseinthecontrolgroup(P<0.01),whiletherewerenodifferencesinthelevelsofAngII,NObetweenthetwostudygroups(P>0.05).②TheplasmalevelofAngIIwerepositivelycorrelatedwiththatofNO(r=0.378,P<0.01).ConclusionsThehigherlevelsofIRandplasmaAngIIandNOexistbeforethedevelopmentofEHinnormaloffspringwithafamilyhistoryofEH,andmaybetheyareinitialagentsinthepathogenesisofEH.ItindicatesthatthepeoplewithIRandhighlevelsofplasmaAngⅡandNOwithafamilyhistoryofEHareathigherrisktodevelopEH.

简介：BackgroundEssentialhypertension(EH)hasbecomethemostcommonchronicnon-infectiousepidemicandisoneofthemostcommonriskfactorsforthedamagetoheart,brain,kidneyandotherorgans.TheserumlevelsofICAM-1,IGF-1andIL-8playimportantrolesinthepathogenesisofEH.MethodsInthemedicalcheck-upcenteroftheAffiliatedHospitalofQingdaoUniversityMedicalCollege,sixtynormaloffspringwithafamilyhistoryofEHwererandomlyrecruitedintotwogroups:30offspringwithafatherormothersufferingfromEHassingle-parentgroup,and30offspringwithbothparentssufferingfromEHasdouble-parentgroup,andanother30normaloffspringwhoseparentsdidnotsufferfromEHascontrolgroup.TheserumlevelsofICAM-1,IGF-1andIL-8weredeterminedbyenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA).ResultTheserumlevelsofICAM-1,IGF-1andIL-8weresignificantlyhigherinbothsingle-parentgroupanddouble-parentgroupthaninthecontrolgroup(P<0.05),andtheserumlevelsofICAM-1,IGF-1andIL-8werehigherinthedouble-parentgroupthaninthesingle-parentgroup(P<0.05).TheserumlevelsofICAM-1,IGF-1andIL-8werepositivelycorrelatedwiththeseverityofbloodpressureelevation(r=0.375,r=0.465,r=0.326,P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.05respectively).ConclusionsDuetotheinfluenceofheredity,theseruminflammatoryfactorcontentsinnormaloffspringwithEHfamilyhistorymayincreasebeforebloodpressurerise.DetectionofseruminflammatoryfactorsinhealthyoffspringwithafamilyhistoryofEHcouldpredictoccurrenceofhypertension,andprovideamorereliablebasisfortheprimarypreventionofhypertension.