简介:在生产工业的许多设备,公司不仅在产品价格上,而且在维护服务上与对方竞争。面向的公司为他们与维护服务(P&S捆)绑的顾客产品正在提供的越来越传统的产品。在这研究,我们检验公司刺激在市场由两家卖主垄断的局面与长期的维护或修理支持服务为顾客提供产品捆绑竞争环境。当提供P&S捆时,决定服务水平的坚挺的需要(以为在这份报纸的服务的平均反应时间保证)满足要求到提议和需要造一台服务设备处理维护。基于三个亚比赛模型的分析,我们描绘仅仅一个公司,两个公司或两个公司将在提供P&S捆的市场条件。最后,我们在公司策略选择上分析山猫的一种市场因素的affects。
简介:ItislearnedfromGanzhouRareEarthAssociationthatpricesofrareearthmineralswereraisedattheendofJune.ThiswasthethirdtimethatrareearthmineralpriceswereincreasedsinceMay.Mineralpricewasadjustedlargely.Priceoftheyttriummediumandeuropiumrichorewasliftedby20,000-30,000yuan/ton,to210,000-220,000yuan/ton;priceofLongnanhighyttriummineralwasraisedby20,000yuan/ton,to220,000
简介:Thispaperconstructsa4-liercomputablegeneralequilibriummodelwhichincludessuchmodulesasmodelingcarbonemissionconstraintsandcarbontrading(CT),andincorporatesthecostofcarbonemissionsintoconstantelasticityofsubstituteproductionfunction.Underscenariosettingsunderdifferentcarbonabatementtargets,basedon2007nationalsocialaccountingmatrixandrelatedstatisticaldataaboutenergyconsumptionandcarbonemission,effectsoneconomicoutputs,energyconsumption,andcarbonabatementareestimatedandanalyzedatbothmacroandsectorlevel.Bycalculatingselectednovelindicatorsthatcompromisebetweenmacroeconomicopportunitycostandachievablecarbonabatement,reasonablecarbonpriceintervalsaregivenforenhancingtherobustnessandliquidityofcarbonmarket.Further,bydecompositionandshare-weightedmethods,expectedcarbonabatementandenergypricearemeasuredandanalyzedindetails.Someresultsaremeaningfulforfundamentaldesignofthefuturecarbonmarket.Givenconstantenergyutilizationandcarbonabatementtechnologiesatthemacrolevel,thehigherthecarbonpricethemoreactualcarbonabatement;themoregrossdomesticproductloss,thelessenergyconsumption.Accwdingtotheoverallsituationestimatedfor2007inChina,theadvicegivenistointroduceacarbonabatementtargetrate(R_c)of-10%,whichishelpfultomakecarbonmarketstableagainstunexpectedcarbonpriceshocksbetween[6.9,35]/tCwithlesseconomicloss.AccordingtoKayadecomposition,afterintroductionofcarbonpricing,carbonabatementismainlycontributedbytheeffectsofenergyintensity(EI)andtechnicalprogress.Further,CTmayhelpreduceenergyconsumptionandinducetransformationtoalow-carbonenergystructure.Atthesectorlevel,theintroductionofCTcouldinduceeconomicrecessioninallsectors,especiallyenergy.However,theoveralleconomicstructureremainsunchangedtosomeextent.CTwillhelpreduceenergyconsumptioninallsectors,especiallyenergy.Overallutilizationc