简介:Investorsshouldalwaysargueaboutmanagementfeesbecauseoftheirimpactonnetperformancethatcanbesubstantial.Thisespeciallyforinvestments,likerealestate,whichrequireintensivemanagement.However,differentfromtraditionalmutualfundsthatareusuallyrelatedtothegrossvalueoftheassetsundermanagement,butsimilartootherfinancialindustrysectors(e.g.hedgefundsandprivateequityfunds),REITmanagers’compensationstructuretypicallyprovidesabasicallyfixedpaymentbasedalternativelyongrossassetvalue(GAV)ornetassetvalue(NAV).Inaddition,managersusuallyalsogainaperformancefee.ThepaperanalyseshowthetwoalternativecompensationschemesinfluenceREITs’investmentdecisionsandcapitalstructureand,consequently,REITs’sharevalueandperformance.Thefinalissueaddressediswhether—andunderwhichconditions—onecompensationschemeissuperiortotheother.Duetothe(usual)marketpricediscountonNAVs,bothfeestructuresincentivisemanagerstoleverage—eveninatax-freeenvironment—inordertomaximizethemanagementfees.However,theleveragemotivationisstrongerforGAV-basedthanforNAV-basedREITs,whicharealsoexpectedtobemoreselectiveininvestmentdecisions.Overall,consideringinitialfeepercentage,GAV-basedREITsareexpectedtoexecutehighermanagementfeesthanNAV-basedREITsduetotherelevantleverageeffect.Moreover,debtrecourseproducesdifferenteffectsonsharevalueifmeasureduponmarketpriceornetassetvalue.TheempiricalanalysisfocusesonpublicItalianREITs(2002-2012).Theresultsseemtosupportthetheoreticalexpectations.GAV-basedREITsexperiencehigherdebttrendsandlevelsthanNAV-basedREITs.Atthesametime,GAV-basedREITsregisterlowerrealestateassetreturnsgrossandnetofmanagementfeesforbothcurrentandgrowthyields.DifferencesinthereturnsleadtopermanenthigherperformancesovertotalreturnindexesofNAV-basedREITscomparedtoGAV-basedREITs.
简介:Quartz.NET是一个开源的调度框架,经历了2年多的开发终于发布了。该版本对应Java的Quartz1.6.2版本。它在作业调度方面提供了很好的灵活性而不牺牲简单性,能够为执行一个作业而创建简单的或复杂的调度。目前的版本支持数据库、集群、插件,支持cron-like表达式等等。