简介：Therearesomebasicproblemsinprevioustheoreticalstudiesofbaroclinicinstability.Thederivedcriticalbaroclinitywasconsiderablylowerthanthetimeaveragedmeanmeridionaltemperaturegradient,especiallyinthelowertroposphere.Also,thelinearmechanismofbaroclinicdisturbancedevelopmentwhichisnotedrestrictedbythecriticalbaroclinitywasnotstudiedsufficiently.Therealisticcriticalbaroclinityanddisturbancedevelopmentarediscussedinthisstudy.Itwillbeshownthatthecriticalconditionofinstabilityandtypicaltimeandspacescalesofdisturbancesde-pendonthree-dimensionalstructuresofatmosphereandsphericityoftheearth,otherthanthehorizontaltemperaturegradientalone.Thevariantbehaviourofatmosphericdisturbancesdependshighlyontheirspecificscalesthatmaybedescribedbythesametheoreticalmodel.Thus,therewouldbenosubstantialdifferencesinthebasicinstabilitymecha-nismofmanydisturbancesincludingthepolarlowsandexplosivecyclones.

简介：1.GeneralReviewTherapiddevelopmentofextrahighvoltagetransmissionlinesandpowersystemsraisedseriousstabilityproblems.Becauseofthelongdistancetransmissionofpowerandrelativeweaksystemconfiguration,stabilitybecamethemostimportantandseriousproblems.Therisksintermsofdisturbancecausingsubsequentsysteminstabilitycouldbeveryhighandtheresultsoffrequencyandvoltagecollapsemaycausecatastrophicresults.

简介：AbstractBackground:Many Parkinson disease (PD) patients complain about chronic fatigue and sleep disturbances during the night. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between fatigue and sleep disturbances by using polysomnography (PSG) in PD patients.Methods:Two hundred and thirty-two PD patients (152 with mild fatigue and 80 with severe fatigue) were recruited in this study. Demographic information and clinical symptoms were collected. Fatigue severity scale (FSS) was applied to evaluate the severity of fatigue, and PSG was conducted in all PD patients. FSS ≥4 was defined as severe fatigue, and FSS <4 was defined as mild fatigue. Multivariate logistic regression and linear regression models were used to investigate the associations between fatigue and sleep disturbances.Results:Patients with severe fatigue tended to have a longer duration of disease, higher Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale score, more advanced Hoehn and Yahr stage, higher daily levodopa equivalent dose, worse depression, anxiety, and higher daytime sleepiness score. In addition, they had lower percentage of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (P = 0.009) and were more likely to have REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (P = 0.018). Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that the presence of RBD and proportion of REM sleep were the independent predictors for fatigue. After the adjustment of age, sex, duration, body mass index, severity of disease, scores of Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and other sleep disorders, proportion of REM sleep and degree of REM sleep without atonia in patients with PD were still associated with FSS score.Conclusion:Considering the association between fatigue, RBD, and the altered sleep architecture, fatigue is a special subtype in PD and more studies should be focused on this debilitating symptom.

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简介：Inthispaper,nonlinearobserversareincorporatedintotheadaptivecontroltosynthesizecontrollersforaclassofuncertainnonlinearsystemswithunknownsinusoidaldisturbanceswhicharepresentedinmatchedandunmatchedforms.Inadditiontomagnitudesandphases,frequenciesofthesinusoidaldisturbancesneednotbeknownaswell,solongastheoverallorderisknown.Nonlinearobserversareconstructedtoeliminatetheeffectofunknownsinusoidaldisturbancestoimprovethesteady-stateoutputtrackingperformance-asymptoticoutputtrackingisachieved.Theadaptationlawisusedtoobtaintheestimateofallunknownparameters.Thepresenteddisturbancedecouplingalgorithmscandealwithmatchedandunmatchedunknownsinusoidaldisturbances.

简介：这研究调查热带大西洋的吝啬的运动学的特征在东方在1月鈥揗arch(JFM)的骚乱，4月鈥揓une(AMJ)，7月鈥揝eptember(JAS)和从1968鈥?的10月鈥揇ecember(OND)998。为每个季节，在3鈥?的这些骚乱的优先的轨道0天的乐队时期被计算并且spatialized，以及他们的联系波长，速度和主要时期，哪个在3鈥之间的谎言？天并且在6鈥之间？取决于轨道和季节的天。二条主要轨道在大西洋上被加亮。在OND和JFM期间，这二条轨道很好被分开并且在15掳S和12.5掳N附近在每个半球定位了。从AMJ，到JAS，这些轨道向北方移居；在JAS，他们沿着17.5掳N在北热带大西洋上合并进一个。联系波长地展出一个南方的坡度，与大波长(比4000km大)在赤道附近在5掳N和5掳S之间，并且在这个纬度乐队外面的更小的波长(在2500鈥?之间500km)。阶段速度也从12鈥被发现价值到展览poleward减少吗？ms?1。在北方大西洋轨道上，6鈥?天骚乱被发现从10月从1月发生到5月并且近似到12月。从6月到9月，3个鈥?天波浪统治摘要的活动。在南方大西洋轨道上，在5月和8月之间，摘要的可变性被3鈥?天骚乱，但是从1月主要向4月并且从到12月，两3鈥?天挥动的9月解释，6鈥?白天飘动能发生。关键词摘要的活动-非洲人在东方飘动-热带大西洋

简介：Theultra-low-frequency(ULF)electromagneticemissionisrecentlyrecognizedasoneofthemostpromisingcandidatesforshort-termearthquake(EQ)prediction.ThispaperreviewspreviousconvincingevidenceonthepresenceofULFemissionsbeforethreemajorEQs.Then,wepresentfurtherstatisticalstudyontheULFoccurrence,ournetworksofULFmonitoringindifferentspatialscalesinJapanandfinallywepresentseveralsignalprocessingstoidentifytheseismogenicemissionsbyshowinglatestresultsforrecentlargeEQs.

简介：这份报纸面对外部骚乱为多代理人系统学习动态优化问题。与存在不同分布式的优化结果，我们提出连续时间的多代理人系统的一个优化问题，变化时间的骚乱由exosystem产生了。基于内部模型和基于Lyapunov的方法，一个分布式的图案被建议完成优化。最后，一个例子被给说明建议优化设计。

简介：这篇论文考虑源于易于致动器浸透和L无穷骚乱的线性系统的一个家庭的一个交换系统的骚乱忍耐/拒绝的问题。为骚乱的L无穷标准上的线性反馈获得，一个给定的切换的计划和给定的界限的一个给定的集合，条件被建立，以线性或双线性的矩阵不平等，在哪个下面一套某个形式面对致动器浸透和L无穷骚乱为一个给定的交换线性系统是不变的，并且靠近环的系统拥有骚乱拒绝的某个水平能力。与这些条件，反馈获得和切换的计划的设计能是抑制了优化问题被提出并且解决。骚乱忍耐被最大的界限在从一个给定的集合开始的轨道为仍然保持围住的骚乱上测量。骚乱拒绝被系统产量的L无穷标准或由驾驶它的状态进或在起源的一位小邻居以内保留它的系统鈥檚能力测量。结果那，在家庭的所有系统是相同的，交换系统还原剂到在一条切换的反馈法律下面的一个单个系统。模拟结果比一条单个线性反馈法律能证明在一条切换的反馈法律下面的如此的一个单个系统能有更强壮的骚乱忍耐/拒绝能力。关键词致动器浸透-骚乱拒绝-骚乱忍耐-L无穷性能-集合不变性-交换系统梁璐在沈阳出生了，中国，在1980。他从沈阳大学，沈阳，中国，和Huaqiao大学在自动控制收到了他的学士和硕士学位，Quanzhou，中国分别地。他当前在自动化，上海JiaoTong大学，和部门的部门向他的博士学位正在工作电并且计算机工程，弗吉尼亚大学。林宗莉是在部门的一个教授电并且在弗吉尼亚大学的计算机工程。他从厦门大学在数学和计算机科学收到了他的学士学位，中国厦门在1983，他在从空格技术的中国学院的自动控制的M.E学位，中国北京在1989，并且他的博士学位在电并且从华盛顿的计算机工程州立大学，华盛顿普尔曼，在1994。他的当前的研�

简介：Thespatialevolutionof2-Ddisturbancesinsupersonicsharpconeboundarylayerswasinvestigatedbydirectnumericalsimulation(DNS)inhighordercompactdifferencescheme.Theresultssuggestedthat,althoughthenormalvelocityinthesharpconeboundarylayerwasnotsmall,theevolutionofamplitudeandphaseforsmallamplitudedisturbanceswouldbewellinaccordancewiththeresultsobtainedbythelinearstabilitytheory(LST)whichsupposestheflowwasparallel.Theevolutionofsomefiniteamplitudedisturbanceswasalsoinvestigated,andthecharacteristicoftheevolutionwasshown.Shockletswerealsofoundwhentheamplitudeofdisturbancesincreasedoversomevalue.

简介：Thegeneralequationsofsecondaryinstabilitywithrespecttothree-dimensionalsubharmonicdisturbancesarederivedandappliedtoBlasiusboundarylayerinthepresentpaper.Thetheoreticalresultsofevolutionandspatialdistributionofsubharmonicdisturbancesarecomparedwithexperimentaldata.There-suitsshowtheimportantroleoftheprocessofroutetotransitioninlow-disturbanceenvironments,andindi-catethatspatialmodeismorerationalthantemporalmode.

简介：这份报纸为与球状地对称的骚乱在线性回归模型测试multivariate不平等限制的有效性开发一个Wald统计数值，并且在0和nonnull假设下面导出测试统计数值的分布。测试的力量然后被讨论。数字评估也被执行为错误在跟随multivariatestudent-t(山)分布的盒子检验测试的力量表演。

简介：Thefinitetimetrackingproblemisconsideredforroboticmanipulatorswithunknowndynamicfriction,boundeddisturbancesandunmodeleddynamics.Aglobalrelayswitchingcontrolschemewithfinitetimeconvergenceisproposed.Forgeneralfinitetimevariablestructurecontroller,thecontrolsignalsmayescapetoinfiniteinfinitetimewhentheinitialstatesofthesystemareinsomespecifiedarea,causingthesingularityphenomenaoftheclosed-loopsystem.Thedesignschemeforfinitetimetrackingcontrolusesatwo-phaseswitchingcontrolmethodsothattheboundednessofthecontrolsignalisguaranteedandthesingularityphenomenaisavoided.

简介：Thispaperstudiestheoptimalcontrolwithzerosteady-stateerrorproblemfornonlinearlarge-scalesystemsaffectedbyexternalpersistentdisturbances.Thenonlinearlarge-scalesystemistransformedintoNnonlinearsubsystemswithinterconnectterms.Basedontheinternalmodelprinciple,adisturbancecompensatorisconstructedsuchthattheithsubsystemwithexternalpersistentdisturbancesistransformedintoanaugmentedsubsystemwithoutdisturbances.Accordingtothesensitivityapproach,theoptimaltrackingcontrollawfortheithnonlinearsubsystemcanbeobtained.Theoptimaltrackingcontrollawforthenonlinearlarge-scalesystemscanbeobtained.Anumericalsimulationshowsthatthemethodiseffective.

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简介：Basedonthecasestudiesandstatisticalanalysisofearthquake-relatedionosphericdisturbancesmainlyfromDEMETERsatellite,ground-basedGPSandionosoundingdata,thispapersummarizesthestatisticalcharacteristicsofearthquake-relatedionosphericdisturbances,includingelectromagneticemissions,plasmaperturbationsandvariationofenergeticparticleflux.AccordingtothemainresultsdonebyChinesescientists,fusingwiththeexistedstudyfromglobalresearches,seismo-ionosphericdisturbancesusuallyoccurredafewdaysorhoursbeforeearthquakeoccurrence.Parallelingtothesecasestudies,lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere(LAI)couplingmechanismsarecheckedandoptimized.Athermo-electricmodelwasproposedtoexplaintheseismo-electromagneticeffectsbeforeearthquakes.Apropagationmodelwasputforwardtoexplaintheelectromagneticwavesintotheionosphere.Accordingtotherequirementofearthquakepredictionresearch,Chinaseismo-electromagneticsatellite,thefirstspace-basedplatformofChineseearthquakestereoscopicobservationsystem,isproposedandplannedtolaunchatabouttheendof2014.ItfocusesoncheckingtheLAImodelanddistinguishingearthquake-relatedionosphericdisturbance.ThepreliminarydesignforthesatellitewilladoptCAST-2000platformwitheightpayloadsonboard.Itisbelievedthatthesatellitewillworktogetherwiththegroundmonitoringnetworktoimprovethecapabilitytocaptureseismo-electromagneticinformation,whichisbeneficialforearthquakemonitoringandpredictionresearches.

简介：ObjectiveToestablishananimalmodelofsuddenonsetsensorineuralhearingloss(SSNHL)tostudyitsmechanisms.MaterialsandmethodsTheinnerearwasexposedto3-nitropropionicacidat0.5mol/L(3-NP(H))and0.3mol/L(3-NP(L))throughtheroundwindowmembranefor30minutesin50maleguineapigs.Thresholdsofauditorybrainstemresponses(ABR)wereestablishedbeforethetreatmentandretestedat4hours,1day,3daysand6daysfollowing3-NPexposure.Controlanimalsweretreatedwithphosphatebufferedsaline(PBS)andtheirABRswereretestedat4hoursand1dayafterthetreatment.Animalsweremonitoredfornystagmusandposturalsignsofvestibulardysfunction,usingadigitalvideocamera,followingthetreatmentprocedure.Specimensweretakenat12hours,1day,3daysand7daysfollowing3-NP(H)exposureandembeddedinJB4forlightmicroscopyobservation.ResultsABRswerelostinallanimalstestedat4hoursfollowing3-NP(H)exposure.TherateofcompleteABRlossdecreasedaspost-treatmenttesttimeincreased.ABRswerelostin80%(4/5)oftheanimalsat1dayafterexposureto3-NP(L).Spontaneoushorizontalnystagmuswithafastphaseawayfromthetreatedeardevelopedinall3-NP(H)-treatedanimalsandin20%(1/5)oftheanimalsexposedto3-NP(L),exceptfortheonetreatedbilaterally.Variousdegreeofposturaldisturbancesconsistentwithunilateralvestibulardysfunction,suchasspontaneousbarrelrollingtowardstheexposuresidewhilewalking,wereseeninallanimalsexposedto3-NP(H)and40%(2/5)ofanimalsexposedto3-NP(L),exceptfortheoneanimaltreatedbilaterally,whichshowednosignsofimbalance.Bothnystagmusandposturaldisturbancesresolvedin2daysfollowing3-NPexposure.HistologicalstudyshowedtemporaryedematintheorganorCorti,Claudiuscellsandtheinnersulcuscells3daysafter3-NP(H)treatment.Enlargementofintercellularspaceinthespiralprominencewasfirstnoticedat12hourspost-3-NP(H)exposure,progressedatd

简介：为在人的身体的真皮的层的温度调节的一个数学模型被建议。皮肤主要由三层组成—外皮，真皮和下的纸巾。因为有有外部环境以及在身体的不同分隔空间以内的热的连续交换，身体温度的相对坚定是显著的。一个模型把真皮的温度的分发描述为内部、外部的参数的功能，例如有环境的到来的动脉的血，血流动，周围的温度，和热交换的温度。在人的真皮的温度的实质的变化能在到来的动脉的血的温度或血流动的实质的抑制仅仅通过变化被完成，这被显示出。仅仅到温度的另外的参数罐头铅在皮肤表面附近变化。

简介：Effectsoftwodosesoftheanti-diabeticdrug,metformin(MF),onhormonalandmetaboliclevelsofserumofnon-diabeticmaleWistarratswith1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-inducedcolontumoradenocarcinomaswerestudied.Carcinogenesisintheanimalswasalsoobserved.RatswithDMH-inducedcolonadenocarcinomashadelevatedlevelsofserumglucose,insulin,insulinlikegrowthfactor-1,totalcholesterol,triglycerides,catalase,malonicdialdehyde,glycatedhemoglobin,aspartateaminotransferase,andalanineaminotransferaseanddecreasedhemoglobin.TreatmentwithtwodosesofMFnormalizedmajorityofthesechangesinDMH-treatedrats,whereasthedrugwasineffectiveinratswithoutDMHtreatment.TheonlyexceptionwasthedecreasedtriglyceridelevelsinMF-treatedrats.A100mg/kgdoseofMFincreasedDMH-inducedexophyticcoloncarcinomasanddecreasedendophytictumorscomparedwithuntreatedrats.Moreover,bothMFdosesincreasedDMH-inducedandhighlydifferentiatedtumorsanddecreasedtheinvasivenessofcoloncarcinomascomparedwithratsprovidedwithDMHandwater.Therefore,effectsofMFonmetabolichomeostasisarecriticalforpreventingcoloncancer.