简介：从一个锰小瘤的层从菲律宾的海挖出(16°56′N，129°48′E；水深度，5700m)并且45个体积小瘤从近海Minami-Torishima岛，日本(23°3′N，153°22′E；水深度，1200m)化学上被分析，他们的起源基于geochemical限制被讨论。一般来说，，Cu，Ni，Zn和瞬间趋于与增加Mn内容增加元素(REE)少些显示出的公司，Pb，Ba，V，Sc，Th，和稀土元素有增加Mn内容的变化。来自菲律宾的海的小瘤42H有平均Mn/Fe比率结束到1并且显示出一个积极Ce异例，建议占优势的氢的起源。230Th前和230Th前/232在小瘤42H的外部∼0.3公里的Th比率显示∼1.7mm/Myr的稳定的生长率。小瘤E30从近海Minami-Torishima被更低的Mn，Fe，Mn/Fe(0.53)和Mo/V(0.2)比率描绘但是更高的P和Cu/Ni(0.31)相对来自那个区域的另外的小瘤的比率。E30的Ce内容是不平常地低的(82ppm)什么时候与来自区域和它的另外的小瘤相比是唯一的小瘤，与一个否定Ce异例(−0.64)分析了。把那个大多数基于我们建议的geochemical数据小瘤从近海除了E30，Minami-Torishima主要具有氢的起源，它被热水的输入，和E45统治，它关于35%热水的贡献有。

简介：Thermalmaturationandpetroleumgenerationmodelingofshalesisessentialforsuccessfulexplorationandexploitationofconventionalandunconventionaloilandgasplays.Forbasinwideunconventionalresourceplayssuchmodeling,whenwellcalibratedwithdirectmaturitymeasurementsfromwells,cancharacterizeandlocateproductionsweetspotsforoil,wetgasanddrygas.Thetransformationofkerogentopetroleumisassociatedwithmanychemicalreactions,butmodelstypicallyfocusonfirst-orderreactionswithratesdeterminedbytheArrheniusEquation.AmisconceptionhasbeenperpetuatedformanyyearsthataccuratethermalmaturitymodelingofvitrinitereflectanceusingtheArrheniusEquationandasingleactivationenergy,toderiveatime-temperatureindex(∑TTIARR),asproposedbyWood(1988),isflawed.ThisclaimwasinitiallymadebySweeneyandBurnham(1990)inpromotingtheir'EasyRo'method,andrepeatedbyothers.Thispaperdemonstratesthroughdetailedmulti-dimensionalburialandthermalmodelinganddirectcomparisonofthe∑TTIARRand'EasyRo'methodsthatthisisnotthecase.The∑TTIARRmethodnotonlyprovidesaveryusefulandsensitivematurityindex,itcanreproducethecalculatedvitrinitereflectancevaluesderivedfrommodelsbasedonmultipleactivationenergies(e.g.,'EasyRo').Throughsimpleexpressionsthe∑TTIARRmethodcanalsoprovideoilandgastransformationfactorsthatcanbeflexiblyscaledandcalibratedtomatchtheoil,wetgasanddrygasgenerationwindows.Thisisachievedinamore-computationally-efficient,flexibleandtransparentwaybythe∑TTIARRmethodthanthe'EasyRo'method.Analysisindicatesthatthe'EasyRo'method,usingtwentyactivationenergiesandaconstantfrequencyfactor,generatesreactionratesandtransformationfactorsthatdonotrealisticallymodelobservedkerogenbehaviourandtransformationfactorsovergeologictimescales.