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简介：用单个光子非地区，我们建议过载密码学计划，一个单个光子在单程的量隧道在带二个位信息的一篇量小说。单个光子，极化模式和空间模式的二个交际模式，被用来编码秘密信息。严格的时间窗户被设置检测扮演攻击。表示光子的存在的空间模式是与光子的阶段变化的军士，以便我们的计划对photon-number-splitting攻击是安全的。我们的协议可能对单个攻击是安全的。

简介：Single-IonMicrobeam(SIM)isuniquelycapableofpreciselydeliveringapredefinednumberofchargedparticles(precisedosesofradiation)toindividualcellsorsub-cellulartargetsinsitu.Sincetheearly1990's,therehasbeenanever-increasinginterestindevelopingandapplyingtheSIMtechniquetoproblemsinradiobiologyforstudiesofcellandtissuedamagedbyionizingradiations.PotentialapplicationsforSIMinradiobiologycontinuestogrowandhavebeendiversified.Therearecurrentlymorethan14SIMfacilitiesworldwide,andtheyhavebeeninaconstantstateofevolution.ThispaperreviewsthecurrentstateofSIMresearchworldwideandtherelatedpivotaltechnologicaldevelopmentsinthefieldsofbothbiophysicsandradiobiology.RepresentativeapplicationsandtheperspectiveofSIMarealsointroducedanddiscussed.

简介：单个分子的梭连接是一个种nanoscale机电的通道系统。在这个连接，一个分子的岛震荡取决于它的充电职业，并且这充电依赖者摆动通过分子的岛导致电子通道的调整。这份报纸在单个分子的梭连接在当前的、射击噪音的学习和电子的decoherence上考察最近的开发。我们将用典型系统模型，在这个话题上给详细讨论理论充分量主人方程和Aharonov-Bohm干涉仪。

简介：Binomialno-arbitragepricehaveamethodisthetraditionalapproachforderivativepricing,whichis,thecompletemodel,whichmakespossibletheperfectreplicationinthemarket.Riskneutralpricingisanappropriatemethodofassetpricinginacompletemarket.Wehavediscussedanincompletemarket,anon-transactionassetthatproducesincompletenessofthemarket.Aneffectivemethodofassetpricinginincompletemarketsistheundifferentiatedpricingmethod.ThistechniquewasfirstlyintroducedbyBernoulliin(1738)thesenseofgambling,lotteryandtheirexpectedreturn.Itisusedtocommandinvestors'preferencesandbetterreturnstheresultstheyexpect.Inaddition,wealsodiscusstheutilityfunction,whichisthecoreelementoftheundifferentiatedpricing.Wealsostudiedsomeimportantbehaviorpreferencesofagents,andinjectedexponentialeffectofriskaversioninthemodel,sothatthemodelwasnonlinearintheprocessofclaimsettlement.

简介：为了调查一个单身者的角色，在一个单身的模型在热空气流动，为解决传送对流的方法论，传导，和放射用热电偶在稳定的温度测量上防护被提供。以便与试验性的结果作比较，一个圆柱的计算领域被建立，它是有热刻度风隧道的一样的尺寸。在计算领域，二种热电偶，赤裸祷告并且防护单人赛的热电偶，分别地被模仿。表面温度分发和二个典型热电偶的温度测量偏爱被比较。模拟结果显示那：1)盾的存在减少祷告表面热流动并且改变电线的方向在更冷的包围的内部热传导；2)盾的存在由改进祷告表面温度并且由减少表面温度减少温度测量偏爱坡度；3)盾有效地在温度测量偏爱上减少周围的温度的效果；4)盾有效地在温度测量偏爱上减少气流速度的影响。

简介：Thearticlepresentsanexplicitlystraightforwardformulationofthestationaryanddynamicbehaviourofapressurereliefvalve(PRV).Thisincludesananalyticalsolutionforthestaticp-Q-characteristic,thestepandharmonicresponseandastabilitycriterionusingelementaryoperationsonly.Italsomathematicallyprovestheintrinsicconnectionbetweenthegradientofthestaticp-Q-characteristicandthestability.Thus,thenewmethodoffersfourmainadvantages.

简介：Thesimulationofnanoindentationintosinglenickelcrystalisperformedbyusingquasicontinuummethod.Thestrainenergy-displacementandload-displacementcurvesarepresentedtostudythemechanicalbehaviorofthedislocationnucleation.Thecharacteristicsofthestackingfaultanddislocationnucleationaredeterminedbycalculatingthecentro-symmetryparametersandanalyzingthedisplacementfieldoftheatomsbeneaththeindenter.Thestructureofthestackingfaultandthecharacteristicsofdislocationobtainedinthesimulationbyquasicontinuummethodarereproducedinthesimulationbymoleculardynamics.

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简介：在这份报纸，相对由液体的稳固的粒子的液体暂停的水动力学的理论途径和试验性的调查结果被报导并且讨论。为单个粒子硬币系统，优点和众所周知的实验关联的可能的差错被讨论。为二进制固体的混合暂停，试验性的证据被考察，能够成功地描述的途径观察到行为被报导。

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简介：大多数phaeophytes(棕色的水藻)和rhodophytes(红水藻)专门在海洋的产地居住并且在海洋的生态学和生物多样性起重要作用。许多这些棕色、红的水藻也是为象由于他们的唯一的新陈代谢和代谢物的食物，药和材料那样的工业的重要资源。然而，因为差的分子的底，包围他们的起源，早多样化，分类，和特殊新陈代谢的许多基本问题在棕色、红的海藻的学习仍然保持未解决。作为1000植物工程的部分，从瓷器海岸的19Phaeophyceae种类和21Rhodophyta种类的海洋的macroalgaltranscriptomes被定序，盖住2数，3个班，11份订单，和19个家庭的一个总数。2Gb的一般水准每样品和一个总数，RNA-seq未加工的数据的87.3Gb被产生。为每件棕色的海藻的样品的约15000～25000unigenes和为每件红海藻的样品的5000～10000unigenes被注解并且分析。注解结果在在红水藻和棕色的水藻之间的基因表示和染色体特征显示出明显的差别；这些差别能甚至在多细胞、单细胞的红水藻之间被看见。结果阐明关于在phaeophytes和rhodophytes以内的种系发生的分类的一些基本问题，并且也揭示许多新奇新陈代谢的小径。这些小径包括海藻的CO2固定和特别糖类在棕色、红的水藻的新陈代谢，和相关基因/基因家庭特征和进化。这些调查结果在已知的海藻的基因信息上造并且显著地改进我们这些海洋的水藻的海藻的生物学，生物多样性，进化，和潜在的利用的理解。

简介：Receptor-ligandinteractionsinbloodflowarecrucialtoinitiatesuchbiologicalprocessesasinflammatorycascade,plateletthrombosis,aswellastumormetastasis.Tomediatecelladhesion,theinteractingreceptorsandligandsmustbeanchoredontotwoapposingsurfacesoftwocellsoracellandasubstratum,i.e.,two-dimensional(2D)binding,whichisdifferentfromthebindingofasolubleligandinfluidphasetoareceptor,i.e.,three-dimensional(3D)binding.Whilenumerousworkshavebeenfocusedon3Dkineticsofreceptor-ligandinteractionsintheimmunesystem,2Dkineticsanditsregulationshavebeenlessunderstood,sincenotheoreticalframeworkorexperimentalassayswereestablisheduntil1993.Notonlydoesthemolecularstructuredominate2Dbindingkinetics,buttheshearforceinbloodflowalsoregulatescelladhesionmediatedbyinteractingreceptorsandligands.Here,weprovideanoverviewofcurrentprogressin2Dbindingandregulations,mainlyfromourgroup.Relevantissuesoftheoreticalframeworks,experimentalmeasurements,kineticratesandbindingaffinities,andforceregulationsarediscussed.

简介：为计划接近的充分分离的放松的二个班在房间熵不平等上介绍研究分级的能量守恒定律。计划的主要优点；有一个生硬来源术语的令人放松的系统的构造的评论；结论。

简介：AcomputerscientistatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louishasdevelopedawaytocoaxcellstodonaturalthingsunderunnaturalcircumstances,whichcouldbeusefulforstemcellresearch,genetherapyandbiofuelproduction.MichaelBrent,theHenryEdwinSeverProfessorofEngineeringintheSchoolofEngineering&

简介：AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by persistent and not fully reversible airflow restrictions, is currently one of the most widespread chronic lung diseases in the world. The most common symptoms of COPD are cough, expectoration, and exertional dyspnea. Although various strategies have been developed during the last few decades, current medical treatment for COPD only focuses on the relief of symptoms, and the reversal of lung function deterioration and improvement in patient’s quality of life are very limited. Consequently, development of novel effective therapeutic strategies for COPD is urgently needed. Stem cells were known to differentiate into a variety of cell types and used to regenerate lung parenchyma and airway structures. Stem cell therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy that has the potential to restore the lung function and improve the quality of life in patients with COPD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the clinical research on the treatment of COPD with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and aims to update the understanding of the role of MSCs in COPD treatment, which may be helpful for developing effective therapeutic strategies in clinical settings.

简介：AbstractGlucagon is a potent glucose-elevating hormone that is secreted by pancreatic α- cells. While well-controlled glucagon secretion plays an important role in maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis and preventing hypoglycaemia, it is increasingly apparent that defects in the regulation of glucagon secretion contribute to impaired counter-regulation and hyperglycaemia in diabetes. It has therefore been proposed that pharmacological interventions targeting glucagon secretion/signalling can have great potential in improving glycaemic control of patients with diabetes. However, despite decades of research, a consensus on the precise mechanisms of glucose regulation of glucagon secretion is yet to be reached. Second messengers are a group of small intracellular molecules that relay extracellular signals to the intracellular signalling cascade, modulating cellular functions. There is a growing body of evidence that second messengers, such as cAMP and Ca2+, play critical roles in α-cell glucose-sensing and glucagon secretion. In this review, we discuss the impact of second messengers on α-cell electrical activity, intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and cell exocytosis. We highlight the possibility that the interaction between different second messengers may play a key role in the glucose-regulation of glucagon secretion.

简介：某些疾病被知道引起变化在物理并且房间的biomechanical性质。这些在其它之中包括癌症，疟疾，和镰刀房间贫血症。典型地，如此的物理性质变化能导致房间僵硬的几褶层增加或减少，它是重要的并且能导致严重病理和最终的灾难的故障身体功能。当有时开发了生物化学、生物的试金检测疾病的发作或存在，总是有需要开发更快速、精确、敏感的方法检测并且诊断疾病。Biomechanical性质变化能起一个重要作用在这方面。因此，对疾病biomechanics的研究不能仅仅给我们位于疾病前进下面的机制的深入的知识，但是能也为察觉和诊断用作一个强大的工具。这篇文章提供一些卓见进机会因为在疾病的发作或前进期间在细胞的机械性质换掉怎么重要，能为察觉和诊断作为有用工具被利用。我们将也展示已经被开发了执行如此的察觉和诊断的几种技术。

简介：Thecurrentconceptof“AdoptiveTCellImmunotherapyofCancer”isquitedifferentfromhowitwasoriginallyconceived．Withthedevelopmentofmoderntechnologyinmolecularbiology,cellbiology，immunologyandbiochemistryduringthelasttwentyyearsorso，adoptiveimmunotherapyhasgrownfromitsinitialformofasimple“bloodcelltransfer”intoitspresentprocesswhichinvolveshostvauccination，effectorcellactivation／polarizationandgeneticmodification．Withtheuseofimmuneadjuvantsandtheidentification／characterizationoftumor-reactiveTcellsubsets，orincombinationwithothertherapeuticstrategies，adoptivelytransferredTcellshavebecomemuchmorepotentinmediatingtumorregression．Inaddition，studiesonthetraffickingofinfusedTcells，celltransferperformedinlymphopenicmodels，aswellasthediscoveryofnoveltechniquesinimmunemonitoringforthegenerationofeffectorcellsinvitroandaftercelltransferinvivohaveprovidedusefultoolstofurtherimprovethetherapeuticefficacyofthisapproach．ThisarticlewillreviewtheserelatedaspectsofadoptiveTcellimmunotherapyofcancerwithspecificcommentsoncertaincriticalareasintheapplicationofthisapproach．Withtherapidlyevolvingadvancesinthisarea，itishopedthatthiscellularimmunologictherapyasitwasconceptualizedinthepast，canbecomemoreusefulinthetreatmentofhumancancerinthenearfuture．

简介：背景知识：Cell与开源CellBroadbandEngine（本文简称Cell）是一款异构（heterogeneous）的多核CPU，其目前主要用在PS3和IBM的CellBladeServer上，著名的Roadrunner就是使用了这款CPU。IBM在发布Cell处理器技术细节的时候，就表明了IBM对开放源代码计算设计的支持。通常情况下，芯片厂商会共享部分系统设计，以鼓励其它厂商开发相关应用程序或兼容芯片。