简介：通常当孩子的父母或监护人发现孩子有什么不好时，会带孩子来给我们看。这篇文章更多关注给婴幼儿的建设性意见，他们往往很难评价。这不是详细的介绍列表或诊断技术，而是一个新的视点。一般原则

简介：一般认为,人的视觉发育关键期为从出生到3岁,但是,这些幼小的患儿不能很好地配合检查,并且交流困难,使得实际工作难以进行。解决这一问题的关键是建立一套适合不同年龄阶段的,不同检查视力的方法和处理措施。刚出生的婴儿视力只有光感,这时的视力我们需要用察觉视力来描述。最常见和最有用的测试是注视和跟踪光的能力。不同年龄阶段婴幼儿视力检查方法不同,最初阶段只能采用客观观察法。在婴儿期采用：

简介：目的了解幼儿耳部疾病情况，为制定幼儿人群听力损失的防治策略提供科学依据。方法用横断面现场调查法对句容市幼儿园在园幼儿进行耳部疾病的问卷调查及耳科检查。数据采用SPSS15．0统计软件进行处理。结果共调查2．5—7岁幼儿9348人，男性4819人（51．56％）、女性4528人（48．44％）。所调查幼儿的耳部疾病患病率为4．14％，各年龄段差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），但男性（4．19％）与女性（4．08％）幼儿耳部疾病患病率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．75）。患中耳炎242人，占耳部疾病患者的62．50％。Logistic多元回归结果显示，分泌性中耳炎、年龄、耵聍栓塞、急性中耳炎、慢性化脓性中耳炎、遗传性家族史、早产及低体重、新生儿窒息均与耳部疾病相关。结论目前幼儿人群中，耳部疾病的患病率仍较高，定期体格检查的项目中宜包括耳鼻咽喉科内容，积极制定预防幼儿耳部疾病及听力损失的策略和方案很有必要。

简介：目的回顾性总结分析婴幼儿先天性内斜视手术麻醉过程，探讨其术中麻醉问题。方法46例先天性内斜视手术患儿，分两组：阿托品组和非阿托品组。两组均采用全身麻醉方法，手术过程中监测脉搏氧饱和度（SPO2）、BP、P、ECG、呼吸末二氧化碳（PetCO2），必要时进行动脉血气分析。结果术中除了心率改变明显，其余各项监测指标均在正常范围；术前给与阿托品心率上升幅度10％-40％，可以预防眼心反射引起的心动过缓；术中术后恶心呕吐发生率与其他手术相比无明显增加。结论婴幼儿先天性内斜视手术可采用全身麻醉方法，术中麻醉要保持一定深度，需严密观察心率变化，出现明显的心动过缓时应及时给予处理。（中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志，2006，6：231-232）

简介：AIM:Todescribethedesignandpreliminaryresultsofthehospitalbasedepidemiologicalstudyfordiabeticretinopathy(HBESDR),anongoingepidemiologicalstudytoestimatetheprevalenceofdiabeticretinopathy(DR)andtoelucidatetheclinical,anthropometric,biochemicalandanyotherriskfactorsassociatedwithdiabeticretinopathy.METHODS:Totally2000diabeteswillberecruitedfromtheDiabeteseyeclinicintheFirstAffiliatedHospitalofChinaMedicalUniversity.AllsubjectsunderwentbloodsugarestimationandOralGlucoseToleranceTesttodiagnosediabetes.Alldiabeteswouldundergocompletequestionnaire,acomprehensiveeyeexamination.Bloodandurinewouldbecollectedforbiochemicalinvestigations.AllfundusphotographsforanyDRwillbegraded.Participantswhoneedtreatmentwillbesenttotheophthalmicclinicandfollow-upintervalprogramforallsubjectswillbesuggested.Acomputerizeddatabaseiscreatedfortherecords.RESULTS:Todate,1174diabeteshavebeenrecruited,therewere350(29.81%)DRinalldiabetes,mostofthemwerewithmildnon-proliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR)(139,39.71%);71(20.29%)moderateNPDR,66(18.86%)severeNPDR,74(21.14%)proliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR).Females,longerdurationofdiabetes,familyhistoryofdiabetesandhypertensionhadastatisticallysignificantincreaseinriskofanyDR.CONCLUSION:ThestudyisexpectedtoprovideanestimateoftheoverallprevalenceofDRandtheprevalencewithdifferentdurationofdiabetesandalsoabetterunderstandingoftheriskfactorsassociatedwithDR.

简介：<正>上海医科大学眼耳鼻喉科医院眼科主办的继续医学教育项目"青光眼诊治进展"学习班于1999.12.19～12.25在上海举办,来自贵州、广西、四川、浙江、江苏、福建、山东、辽宁、宁夏、湖北、上海等11个省、市自治区、直辖市的62名眼科医生正式注册参加了学习。学习班内容丰富,不但有青光眼常规药物、手术治疗的原则、技巧,术中、术后并发症的防治,用于青光眼诊断及随访的各种新型检测技术及仪器介绍,青光眼药物治

简介：目的探讨探通术治疗婴幼儿泪囊炎的时机和疗效。方法将180例216眼按年龄大小分为2—6月,6—12月,12—36月共三组。用泪道探通术给予治疗,用卡方检验分析。结果Ⅰ组治疗成功率97%,Ⅱ组治疗成功率87%,Ⅲ组治疗成功率72%,总治愈率90.7%。结论泪道探通术是治疗婴幼儿泪囊炎较佳的方法,且有效性随着年龄增加而降低,2-6月时行泪道探通术成功率最高。

简介：结膜松弛症是老年人常见眼病，但一直为国内眼科医师所忽视，易造成误诊、漏诊。上海中医药大学附属普陀医院经过十几年的探索，对结膜松弛症的诊疗技术进行了系统研究，已经形成规范的诊疗方案。特举办国家级Ⅰ类（6分）继续教育项目“结膜松弛症的发病机制及手术治疗”（项目编号：20110702052）学习班，并系统演示结膜松弛症手术治疗录像、现场观摩手术。

简介：目的：分析婴幼儿泪囊炎患者的主要致病菌和药物敏感性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：采集83例86眼婴幼儿泪囊炎患者的泪囊分泌物进行细菌培养和药敏试验分析。结果：患者86眼中,84眼细菌培养阳性,阳性率为97.7%,共分离出细菌94株,其中革兰氏阳性菌67株,占71.3%,革兰氏阳性菌的前三位敏感药物为利福平、左氧氟沙星、氯霉素;革兰氏阴性菌27株,占28.7%,革兰氏阴性菌前三位敏感药物为左氧氟沙星、氯霉素、夫西地酸、头孢他啶。结论：G＋菌为婴幼儿泪囊炎的优势致病菌,其中以草绿色链球菌和表皮葡萄球菌最常见。G＋菌较G-菌耐药性高,左氧氟沙星、氯霉素等治疗婴幼儿泪囊炎有效。

简介：由海军总医院全军耳鼻咽喉头颈外科中心主办的激光技术在耳鼻咽喉微创外科中的应用学习班将于2009年9月1-4日在河南省焦作市举行。该学习班为国家级继续医学教育项目（编号：2009-07-01-083），授予Ⅰ类继续医学教育学分8分。联系方式：北京市海淀区阜成路6号海军总医院全军耳鼻咽喉头颈外科中心；

简介：·AIM:Toinvestigatethetherapeuticeffectsofnanophtha-locyaninephotosensitizersonanexperimentalratchoroidalneovescularization(CNV)model,aswellastoevaluatethecytotoxicityofwhichonhumanretinalpigmentepithelia(HRPE)andhumanretinalendothelialcells(HRECs).·METHODS:Twotypesofphotosensitizers,G1-ZnPc(COOH)8andG1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mrespectively,wereadministratedforphotodynamictherapy(PDT)afterasuccessfulestablishmentofCNVmodelonBrown-Norway(BN)ratsviafundusphotocoagulation.Thetherapeuticeffectsofthetwodrugswereassessedthroughopticalcoherencetomography(OCT),fluoresceinfundusangiography(FFA)andtransmissionelectronmicroscopy(TEM).Forcytotoxicitytests,cellcountingkit-8(CCK-8)assaysandchangesofmitochondrialtransmembranepotential(△Ψm)wereconductedonHRPEandHRECsafterinitialuptakeofthetwodrugs.·RESULTS:Bothphotosensitizersdemonstratedanimprove-mentofvascularleakageandclosureofCNV1weekafterPDTasconfirmedbyfundusimage,OCT,FFAandTEM.TwoweeksafterPDT,G1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mshowedabetterCNVclosureeffectversusG1-ZnPc(COOH)8(P<0.05).Asignificantdifference(P<0.01)wasfoundinuptakeofthetwodrugsinHRPEandHRECs,withnodifferencebetweenthedrugs(P>0.05).BothphotosensitizersshowedcytotoxicityonHRPE,butG1-ZnPc(COOH)8/minducedalowercellviability.·CONCLUSION:G1-ZnPc(COOH)8/mmediatedPDTisbetterthanG1-ZnPc(COOH)8inCNVclosureandalsohavetheadvantageoffastmetabolismleadingtolesssideeffect.·

简介：目的探讨缩短小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植人术学习曲线的途径.方法对2006年萧县彭年光明行动中完成29例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术的病例进行回顾性分析.结果通过最先完成17例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术部分手术操作步骤,循序渐进最后独立完成12例小切口非超乳白内障摘除人工晶体晶植入术的全部操作步骤.结论熟练掌握白内障囊外摘除+人工晶体植入技术,是缩短小切口非超乳白内障摘除+IOL植入学习曲线的关键因素.

简介：目的观察初学者学习0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法的临床效果。方法随机选取门诊和住院白内障患者50人,由初学者在老师指导下应用0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法施行手术。研究内容包括手术时间,术中灌注液应用量,术中并发症等。结果手术时间随着学习的进程总体呈下降趋势,从开始10例平均时间61分22秒下降到第5个10例的18分54秒。特别是30例后下降明显。共7例9次并发症发生。第4例出现后囊破裂,未行玻璃体切割的情况下成功植入人工晶状体于睫状沟内。前10例中共有2例,第2和4个10例中各1例术中角膜上皮水肿。另外还有1例发生后弹力层撕裂,两例切口撕裂,1例结膜水肿。结论经过短期的0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法训练,初学者可从传统同轴超声乳化安全转换至0．7毫米微创白内障手术。

简介：目的探讨单纯泪道探通术与泪道探通联合洛美沙星凝胶治疗婴幼儿泪道阻塞的不同效果.方法将100例泪道阻塞患儿按来院顺序随机分成A组与B组各50例,A组行泪道探通联合洛美沙星凝胶治疗,B组行单纯泪道探通术.比较2组疗效.结果2组患儿实施治疗后差异显著（p＜0.05）,泪道探通联合洛美沙星凝胶治疗优于单纯泪道探通术.结论泪道探通联合洛美沙星凝胶填充治疗婴幼儿泪道阻塞能保持泪道正常生理结构,更好的巩固探通后的效果,防止细菌再生,降低二次阻塞的发生,值得推广.

简介：AIM:Todeterminethehistopathologicalchangesofrifampicinappliedintravitreallyonretinalganglioncellsbymeansofstereologicalandhistopathologicalmethods.METHODS:Forthisstudytwenty-fourNewZealandadultrabbitsweredividedintofourgroups(n=6foreachgroup).50μg/0.1mL(group1),100μg/0.1mL(group2),150μg/0.1mL(group3)and200μg/0.1mL(group4),rifampicinwereinjectedintothevitreousoftherighteyesofanimals,theirlefteyeswereusedascontrol(group5).Afterthe28thdayofapplication,animalswereanesthetisedwithxylazine(8mg/kg,IM)andthentheireyeswereenucleatedimmediately.Patternsweretakenawayandeyeswerepreparedforbothstereologicalandelectromicroscopicobservation.RESULTS:Dependingonthehighdoseofrifampicin,somehistopathologicalchangessuchascytoplasmicdilatationanddamagedmembranewereobservedontheelectromicroscopiclevel.Usingquantitativeexamination,whichwasdoneatthelightmicroscopiclevel,itwasshownthatthenumberofneuronsdecreasedlinearlyasrifampicindoseincreasedwhencomparedwiththecontrolgroup.CONCLUSION:Basedonthesefindings,low-doserifampicin(50μg/0.1mL)maybeusefulfortreatmentoftheoculardiseases.

简介：·AIM:Toinvestigatetheantifibroticeffectoffreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneontrabeculectomyinarabbitmodel.·METHODS:Twenty-fourJapanesewhiterabbitswererandomizedintothreegroups:theexperimentalgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranetransplantation),thecontrolgroup(oculartrabeculectomyincombinationwithnaturalbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembrane)andtheblankgroup(singletrabeculectomy).Clinicalobservation,hematoxylin-eosinstaining,Massionstaining,real-timePCRandimmunohistochemistryforα-SMAwereperformedondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.·RESULTS:Statisticaldifferenceswerenotedinsurvivalanalysisandintraocularpressure(IOP)amonggroupsondays7,14,21and30followingsurgery.Histology,immunoh-istochemistryandreal-timePCRfurtherdemonstratedthattrabeculectomyincombinationwithfreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembraneresultedingoodwoundhealingandnoscarformation.·CONCLUSION:Self-madefreeze-driedbilayeredfibrin-bindingamnioticmembranemayinhibittheformationofscarringinglaucomaaftertrabeculectomy.·

简介：AIM:Toadaptthelowvision-relatedqualityoflife(LVQOL)instrumentintoTurkishlanguageandtoassessitsvalidityandreliability.METHODS:Thestudywasconductedin387patientsattendingtheCentreofLowVisionRehabilitation,FacultyofMedicine,AnkaraUniversity.Forstatisticalanalyses,theSpearman’scorrelationcoefficient,Cronbach’salphacoefficientandConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(CFA)wereused.RESULTS:AccordingtoresultsofCFA,theiteminthe'Adjustment'subscalebecauseofhavingthefactorloadingbelow0.40,wasexcludedfromthequestionnaire.ThereliabilityofthequestionnairewasassessedaccordingtoCronbach’salphacoefficients.Thereliabilityofthe'DistanceVision,Mobility,andLighting'subscalewas?琢=0.863;ofthe'Adjustment'subscalewas?琢=0.694;'ReadingandFineWork'was?琢=0.791,and'ActivitiesofDailyLiving'was?琢=0.770.Sotheseresultsindicatethatthequestionnaireisreliabletomeasurethevisionrelatedqualityoflifeoflow-visionpatients.Thecorrelationsbetweenthesubscaleswerealsoanalyzed,andthecorrelationbetween'Adjustment'and'ReadingandFineWork'wasfoundtobethelowest(rs=0.336,P<0.001),whereasthestrongestcorrelationwasfoundbetweenthe'ReadingandFineWork',and'ActivitiesofDailyLiving'.Additionally,the'Adjustment'dimensionshowedthestrongestcorrelationwithonly'DistanceVision,Mobility,andLighting'dimension.CONCLUSION:Afterremovingthelastitemintheseconddimension,theTurkishadaptationofalldimensionsoftheLVQOLhasbeenshowntobereliable,validandsuitableforuseinpatientswithlowvisioninTurkey.

简介：AIM:ToevaluatetheeffectofCollagencross-linkingonthepreventionofmeltinginrabbitcorneasafteralkaliburn.·METHODS:TwentyNewZealandwhiterabbitswererandomlydividedintomodelcontrolgroupandcollagencross-linkingtreatmentgroup.Thesecondgroupofrabbitsreceivedcollagencrosslinkedtreatment.Bothgroupswereappliedwithantibioticeyedropstopreventinfection.Thecorneaswereevaluatedformelting,opacity,pathologicalandimmunohistochemistry,recordthechangeswhen28daysaftertheanimalswerekilled.·RESULTS:Inthecontrolgroup,6outof8rabbitsshowedcornealmeltingafterinjury(14±4)days,whiletwocornealperforated.Incollagencross-linkingtreatmentgroup,onerabbitshowedcornealmeltingafterinjury23days,withoutcornealperforation;cornealdissolutionratebetweenthetwogroupswassignificantlydifferent(P<0.05).Pathologicalexaminationsuggestedthatinthetreatmentgroup,mildcornealedema,milddamagetocollagenfibers,inflammatorycellinfiltrationwassignificantlylessthanthecontrolgroup.Immunohistochemistryshowedthatcornealcollagenfibersarrangedinneatrowsinthecontrolgroup.·CONCLUSION:Collagencross-linkingtreatmentnotonlycanpreventanddelaythecornealmeltingafteralkaliburn,butalsocanreducethedestructionofcornealcollagenfibersandinfiltrationofinflammatorycellsinthecornealtissue.