简介:复都制,又称陪都制,指一个国家设置复数都城的制度,与单都制相对。复都制始于周代,诸都城地位平等,无核心都城和陪都的区别。到唐代,唐玄宗称洛阳为陪京,表示洛阳只是辅助长安的陪都,将核心都城和副都顺序化,形成了陪都制,北宋时陪都制固定下来。核心都城和陪都的序列化,反映了世界秩序的根源从天转向理。复都制在4—10世纪以北宋为界,从以长安、洛阳为代表的东西复都制转变为以北京、南京为代表的南北复都制。这是由游牧地区和农业地区政治权力形态来决定的。随着复都制类型转变,复都间的交通干线网络从西部内地转向东部沿海,从东西向转变为南北向。陪都制的转变体现了唐宋变革论下农牧复合型国家解体以及向近代国家的转变,这是欧亚大陆共通的历史现象。
简介:ThispaperpresentsadiplomatictranscriptionoftheSanskrittextcorrespondingtothatofmissingleaves(fols.2,6,7)ofAsa(n)ga'sAbhidharmasamuccayamanuscriptbasedononeofthetwoextantmanuscriptsofSthiramati'sAbhidharmasamuccayavyākhyā.ThelatterisatextwhichcombinestheentiretextsoftheAbhidharmasamuccayaandtheAbhidharmasamuccayabhāsyaascribedto*JinaputrabyinsertingallsentencesfromthebhāsyaintoappropriateplacesofthebasictextoftheAbhidharmasamuccaya?TheAbhidharmasamuccayamanuscriptisacodexunicusconsistingof44foliosintotal,ofwhichonly17folioshadpreviouslybeenavailable(publishedbyGokhale19472),andmorehaverecentlybecomeavailable(transcribedbyLi2013,20143).Therearethusstill16foliosyettobefound(seeTablebelow).Fortunately,theSanskrittextofthemissing16foliosispreservedinthetwoAbhidharmasamuccayavyākhyāmanuscripts.4
简介:Throughoutmythicalandhistoricaltimes,Africa,orLibyaastheGreekssaid,provedtobeatrustycompanionoftheancientMediterraneanworld.WhenOdysseusroundedthePeloponnese,hefirstcameupontheNorthAfricancoast;afterstealingtheGoldenFleece,JasonandhismenaresaidtohavecrossedtheoceanandthenthecontinentwiththeArgoontheirshoulders.1Pirates,mercenariesandmerchantshadpliedtheroutetoEgyptfromtimeimmemorial;seafarersfromthelateArchaicepochonwardsreachedAfrica’swesterncoaststhroughtheStraitofGibraltarandtheEastcoastfromtheRedSea;inthefollowingcenturies,contactswereestablishedasfarinlandasNubiaandthekingdomofMeroe.