简介：Exclosureisamethodofrehabilitatingdegradedlandsbyprotectingthemfromtheinterferenceofanimalsandfromhumanencroachment,andisusedtoregeneratenativevegetationasawaytoreducesoilerosion,increaserainwaterinfiltrationandprovidefodderandwoodybiomassindegradedgrazinglands.Therefore,westudiedwoodyplantstructure,diversityandregenerationpotentialsin5-and10-yeargrazingexclosuresincomparisonwithopengrazedsitesinasemi-aridenvironment.Dataonspeciesdiversity,abundance,structure,basalarea,frequency,density,andregenerationstatuswerecollectedfrom270sampleplots.Forty-onewoodyspeciesrepresenting20familieswereidentified,with18,28and38speciesfoundinopengrazedareas,andin5-and10-yeargrazingexclosures,respectively.The10-yeargrazingexclosureshadahigher(P<0.05)speciesrichnessandplantdensitiescomparedtothe5-yeargrazingexclosuresandtheopengrazedareas.ThepopulationstructureandregenerationstatusofwoodyspeciesinbothgrazingexclosuresshowedaninvertedJ-shape,indicatingahealthyregenerationstatus,whereashamperedregenerationwasobservedinopengrazedareas.Theestablishmentofgrazingexclosureshadpositiveeffectsinrestoringwoodyplantdiversityandimprovingvegetationstructureandregenerationpotentialsofdegradedgrazinglands.

简介：Interactionsofthreeheavymetalions,Cu2+,Cd2+,andPb2+,and,forcomparison,Na+withelectrodialyticclayfractions(lessthan2μmindiameter)offourpaddysoilsaswellasayellow-brownsoilasacontrolsoilwereevaluatedbasedonmeasurementsoftheWieneffectindilutesuspensionswithaclayconcentrationof10gkg-1infournitratesolutionsof2×10-4/zmolL-1,wherezisthecationvalence,andanitricacidsolutionof3×10-5molL-1.Fieldstrengthsrangingfrom15to230kVcm-1wereappliedformeasuringtheelectricalconductivities(ECs)ofthesuspensions.Themeanfreebindingenergiesbetweenthevariouscationsandallofthesoilsdeterminedfromexchangeequilibriumincreasedintheorder:Na+Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+foralltestedsoils.AcharacteristicparameteroftheREC-fieldstrengthcurves,△REG200,REGatafieldstrengthof200kVcm-1minusthatatthelocalminimumoftheconcavesegmentoftheREC-fieldstrengthcurves,characterizedthestrengthofadsorptionofthecationsstrippedoffbytheappliedstrongelectricalfield,andforallsoilsthevaluesof△REC200weregenerallyintheorder:Na+

简介：Astudyonbalancedfertilizationwasconductedbymeansoflong-termfieldexperiments,andaconve-nienttableforbalancedfertilizationwascompiled.Theexperimentalresultsabouttheeffectoffertilizationonwateruseefficiencyofuplandwheatshowedthattheinputofinorganicfertilizershouldbereducedindryyears.

简介：Dustemissionsfromsmelters,asamajorcontributortoheavymetalcontaminationinsoils,couldseverelyinfluencesoilquality.Downwindsurfacesoilswithin1.5kmofazincsmelter,whichwasactivefor10yearsbutceasedin2000,inMaguTown,GuizhouProvince,ChinawereselectedtoexaminePb,Zn,andCdconcentrationsandtheirfractionationalongadistancegradientfromazincsmelter,andtostudythepossiblee?ectsofPb,Zn,andCdaccumulationonsoilmicroorganismsbycomparingwithareferencesoillocatedatadownwinddistanceof10kmfromthezincsmelter.Soilswithin1.5kmofthezincsmelteraccumulatedhighlevelsofheavymetalsZn(508mgkg-1),Pb(95.6mgkg-1),andCd(5.98mgkg-1)withlowratiosofZn/Cd(59.1-115)andPb/Cd(12.4-23.4).Compositepollutionindices(CPIs)ofsurfacesoils(2.52-15.2)were3to13timeshigherthanthereferencesoils.Inmetalaccumulatedsoils,exchangeablepluscarbonate-boundfractionsaccountedformorethan10%ofthetotalZn,Pb,andCd.Thesaturationdegreeofmetals(SDM)insoilswithin1.5kmofthesmelter(averaging1.25)wassixtimeshigherthanthatofthereferencesoils(0.209).Asmallersoilmicrobialbiomasswasfoundmorefrequentlyinmetalaccumulatedsoils(85.1-438μgCg-1)thaninreferencesoils(497μgCg-1),andanegativecorrelation(P<0.01)ofsoilmicrobialbiomasscarbontoorganiccarbonratio(Cmic/Corg)withSDMwasobserved.Microbialconsumptionofcarbonsourceswasmorerapidincontaminatedsoilsthaninreferencesoils,andashiftinthesubstrateutilizationpatternwasapparentandwasnegativelycorrelatedwithSDM(R=-0.773,P<0.01).Consequently,dustdepositedPb,Zn,andCdinsoilsfromzincsmeltingwerereadilymobilized,andweredetrimentaltosoilqualitymainlyinrespectofmicrobialbiomass.

简介：为了减少沥滤的硝酸盐，在土豆(茄属tuberosumL.)以后冒险收获并且改进氮化肥使用效率，一棵土豆卷心菜两倍收割系统(DCS)在Hetao被建立，诺思中国，有灌溉土地的一个干旱区域。一个二年的地实验证明在塑料林地覆盖物下面种早成熟的土豆栽培变种弄短它由14d的生长时期并且允许卷心菜的第二庄稼清除土壤剩余NO3S-N到160厘米的深度，实质地减少硝酸盐沥滤进地下水的风险。在DCS的每年全部的N举起在常规收割系统(CCS)是多于那的大约110kgha1，即，种的单音的土豆。这说明了明显的氮恢复(ANR)在DCS的16.90%26.57%的改进作为与那相比在为两年的CCS。作为结果，在在DCS的0160厘米土壤侧面的土壤剩余NO3-N在CCS是比那低的。太阳的精力使用效率和土壤使用效率实质地也与DCS被增加。

简介：Afieldtestwiththetraditionalrotationofpaddyrice/uplandcrop(wheat)wascarriedoutonapaddysoilderivedfromredearthtoelucidatetheeffectoforganicmanureonthephoshporusadsorption-desorptionbysoilanditsPavailability.Soilsamplesweretakenfromdifferenttreatmentsatricehavestingstageandanalysed.TheisothermaladsorptionofPbythesamplesfittedverywellwithLangmuirequation,andhence,theparametersintheequation,i.e.,maximumadsorption(qm),constantrelatedtobondingenergy(k)andtheirproduct(k×qm)couldbeusedasacomprehensiveindextocharacterizethepotentialPadsorptivityofthesoil.Organo-inorganicfertilizationandorganicmanuringcoulddecreaseqmandk,whilemineralPapplicationhadlittleeffectonthem.TheisothermaldesorptionofPwassignificantlycorrelatedwithinitiallyaddedandisothermallyadsorbedP.PartofPaddedwasfixed,whichrepresentedthePfixationcapactyofsoil,andorganicmanuringcouldobviouslylowerthePfixation,ThecontentofsoilavailablePhadasignificantnegativecorrelationwithqm,kandfixedP.ItisconcluedthatorganicmanurecouldincreasethePavailabilityofpaddysoilderviedfromredearthbydecreasingqm.k,maximumbufferingcapacity(MBC=k×qm)andfixationcapacity.

简介：在flowering舞台被使用二装饰用的梨树米饭变化Koshihikari和Sasanishiki在天赋和高温下面学习以后，蔗糖，fructose，蔗糖synthase的葡萄糖内容和差别迟钝，vacuolar转化酶，和细胞壁的动态变化在米饭谷物绑了转化酶。在米饭谷物，蔗糖synthase活动比转化酶的高，它显著地与淀粉累积率被相关，显示蔗糖synthase起了在蔗糖降级和淀粉合成的一个重要作用。在高温下面，没有fructose和葡萄糖的任何增加的谷物蔗糖内容的重要增加满足，建议高温处理提高了蔗糖累积，当减少时在米饭谷物的蔗糖降级。与控制植物相比，在蔗糖synthase，vacuolar转化酶，和有高温的细胞壁界限转化酶的活动的减少对待显示的植物蔗糖降级的减速与在蔗糖synthase和转化酶的活动的减少有关。

简介：Soilmicrobesmaybecriticalplayersindeterminingtheallelopathicpotentialofsomeplants.LowlevelsofplantcommunitybiodiversityinEucalyptusplantationshavebeenattributedtotheallelopathicpotentialofthesetreespecies.TheroleofsoilmicrobesintheallelopathiceffectofleafleachatesofthehybridtreeEucalyptusgrandis9E.urophylla,wastestedinPetridishassayswithBrassicachinensisasareceiverplant.Soilswerecollectedfromeitheralocalgarden(soilA)oraEucalyptusplantation(soilB)andhalfofeachsoilwassterilizedtoremovemicrobes.ThesesoilswerethentreatedwithE.grandis9E.urophyllaleachatesfor0-72h.SeedgerminationofB.chinensiswassignificantlyinhibitedinsoilstreatedwithleafleachatesrelativetountreatedsoils.Theinhibitoryeffectoftheleafleachateswasmorepronouncedinsterilizedsoils.Totalphenoliccontentwasobviouslowerinnonsterileleachatetreatedsoilsthaninsterilesoils.BiomassofB.chinensiswasnegativelycorrelatedwiththetotalphenoliccontentinsoils.OurfindingssuggestthatsoilmicrobescanalleviatetheallelopathicpotentialofEucalyptusandtherebyitsnegativeimpactonplantgrowth.

简介：Background:Forestmanagementdecisionsarebasedonexpectationsoffuturedevelopments.Forsounddecisionsitisessentialtoaccuratelypredicttheexpectedvaluesinfuturedevelopmentsandtoaccountfortheirinherentuncertainty,forexampletheimpactofclimatechangeonforests.Changingclimaticconditionsaffectforestproduaivityandaltertheriskprofileofforestsandforestenterprises.IntensifyingdroughtstressisseenasonemajorriskfactorthreateningforestmanagementinthenorthGermanlowlands.Droughtstressreducestreegrowthandvitalityandmighteventriggermortality.Butsofar,itisnotpossibletoquantifyeffectsofapersistentdryerclimateonforestproductivityatalevelsuitableforforestmanagement.Methods:Weapplyawell-establishedsingle-treeforestgrowthsimulatortoquantifytheeffectofpersistentdryerclimatesonfutureforestproductivity.WeanalysethegrowthofScotspine(PinussylvestrisL.);Europeanbeech{FagussylvoticoL.)andoak{QuercusroburL.andQuercuspetraeo(Matt.)Liebl.)intwoforestregionsinthenorthGermanlowlandsforatimeintervalof60yearsuntil2070.Thegrowthresponseunderthreedifferentclimateprojectionsiscomparedtoabaselinescenario.Results:Theresultsshowcleardifferencesinvolumeincrementtopersistentdryerclimatesbetweentreespecies.Thefindingsexhibitregionaldifferencesandtemporaltrends.WhilemeanannualincrementatbiologicalrotationageofScotspineandoakpredominantlybenefitsfromtheprojectedclimateconditionsuntil2070,beechmightsufferlossesofupto3m3-ha’-yr1dependingonclimatescenarioandregion.However,intheprojectionperiod2051to2070theuncertaintyrangescomprisepositiveaswellasnegativeclimaticeffectsforallspecies.Conclusions:Theprojectedchangesinforestgrowthserveasquantitativecontributionstoprovidedecisionsupportintheevaluationof,forexample,speciesfuturesitesuitabilityandtimbersupplyassessments.Theanalysiso

简介：AsoilpotcultureexperimentwithfoursuppliedPlevels(i.e.P30,P50,P100,P200,representingsupplementalP30,50,100,200mg/kg,respectively)wasconductedtoinvestigateuptakeanduseabilitytoPandZninthericegenotypeswithdifferentP-efficiency,ofwhichricegenotypes508,99011,580,99112werelow-Ptolerantand99056,99012werelow-Psensitive.Low-Ptolerantrice580and99011absorbedmorePthantheothers,andricegenotype580hadstrongeruptakeabilityespeciallyatlow-PlevelsuchasP50andP30.508couldabsorbconsiderableP,andhadthelowestPpercentageofshoot,indicatingithadgoodperformanceinP-useefficiency.ThesethreericegenotypeshadlargerbiomassandlessresponsetochangedPlevelthanricegenotype99112,99056and99012.Ricegenotype99112showedLow-Ptolerancemainlybysacrificingbiomasstomaintainhighrelativegrainyield.TheleastamountofPabsorbedby99056showedithadthelowestPuptakeefficiency,andthehighestPpercentageinshootof99012meantithadthelowestPuseefficiency.Sotheytwoshowedlow-Psensitivity.ZncontentsinshootunderP200,P100andP50weresimilar,butP30increasedZncontentinshootsignificantly.TheZncontentsinshootof99112,99056and99012werehigherthanthoseof508,99011and580,especiallyattilleringstageandbootingstage.AsfortotalZncontentinshoot,Low-Ptolerantricegenotype580hadthelargestamountandfollowedby99011and508,low-Ptolerantricegenotype99012hadthesmallestamountatthethreesamplingstageandfollowedby99056.Furthermore,P/Zninshootof99012wasthehighest,andthatof99056wasthesmallestatthesamePlevel.

简介：支持生长的rhizobacteria(PGPR)被显示出在地下面增加荚生长和开发并且控制的植物的申请环境条件。现在的学习被进行孤立植物从在旁遮普的arid/semi-arid区域种的小扁豆(透镜culinarisMedik)的根小瘤的支持生长的rhizobacteria(PGPR)，巴基斯坦并且检验了他们的植物支持生长的能力。五细菌孤立被孤立，为植物在vitro屏蔽了支持生长(PGP)小扁豆的生长上的特征和他们的效果被估计在下面在vitro，水耕法并且温室(壶实验)条件。所有isolates是克处于良好的竟技状态否定、条形、圆形并且展出了植物磷酸盐增溶和植物生长素的支持生长的属性(吲哚醋酸，IAA)生产。IAA生产能力在0.511.0gmL1变化了，P增溶在316mgL1变化了。当在植物生长上为他们的效果测试了时，孤立的紧张在营养素缺乏的土壤上在植物在生长，生节和氮(N)和磷(P)举起上有stimulatory效果。在温室壶实验，PGPR的申请显著地增加了射击长度，新鲜重量和干燥重量65%，43%和63%，分别地，根长度，新鲜重量和干燥重量的增加作为与uninoculated控制相比是74%，54%和92%。生长特征在下面的相对增加在vitro和水耕法的条件更高是平的。分别地，PGPR也在控制上每植物，1000谷物重量，干燥的事收益和谷物产量增加了豆荚的数字50%，13%，28%和29%。干燥质量分别地增加了170%和136%的小瘤和小瘤的数字。在有N和P内容增加了的有效细菌的紧张，射击，根和种子的接种以后，从而在植物增加N和P举起。根延伸显示出积极关联(R2=0.67)与IAA，生产和种子产量展出了积极关联(R2=0.82)与根生节。这些显示孤立的PGPRrhizobial紧张能是最好的为刺激生长和小扁豆的滋养的累积作为潜在的代理人或biofertilizers利用了。

简介：IndividualandcombinedeffectsofCu,Pb,ZnandCdonNmineralization,ureaseandphosphatasewereexaminedinaTypicUdicFerrisolinlaboratorybyemployinganduniformdesignandasinglefactordesign,SoilpollutioncausedbyheavymetalsinhibitedNmineralization(N0value)andureaseandphosphataseactivities.ThecombinedpollutionofmetalsalleviatedtheirtoxicitytoNmineralizationtosomeextentwhereasaggravatedthetoxicitytoureaseandphosphatase.Phosphorousapplicationcouldmitigatthetoxiceffectofheavymetalsonphosphataseactivities,whilealleviatingeffectofNapplicationonthetoxicityofheavymetalstoureasewasinconsistent.However,themitigatingeffectofthefertilizerswaslimitedinheavilypollutedsoils.

简介：ThestudywasconductedtoevaluateeffectofratiooffacetocoreparticlesonmechanicalandphysicalpropertiesoforientedstrandboardproducedfromEthiopianhighlandbamboo.Three-layeredorientedparticleboardsweremanufacturedwith4proportionsoffacetocoreparticlesat750kg/m~3targetdensity.Tenpercentureaformaldehyderesinwasusedasabinder.StrengthanddimensionalstabilityperformancesofallboardswereassessedbasedonISOstandards.Theresultsshowedthatmodulusofrupture...

简介：土壤drying-rewetting(DRW)事件影响滋养的转变和微生物引起的社区作文；然而，很少对在DRW事件期间弄干紧张的影响被知道。因此，我们在一个试验性的drying-rewetting事件期间与暴露分析了土壤营养素作文和微生物引起的社区到各种各样的弄干的紧张，用从北中国的一块草地的淤泥沃土，在半干旱的气候暴露土壤到大量潮湿条件的地方，并且草地占超过40%国家陆地区域。我们也进行了一个消毒实验检验土壤微生物的贡献到滋养的脉搏。土壤drying-rewetting减少了由9%-27%的碳(C)矿化作用。monosaccharide和矿物质氮(N)内容与更高弄干紧张增加了(弄干到10%gravimetric水内容)，与最高的弄干紧张随增加是204%和110%(弄干到2%gravimetric水内容)，分别地而易变的磷(P)仅仅增加了(在105%)与最高的弄干紧张。而且，微生物引起的生物资源C和N和溶解器官的N的层次与增加弄干紧张减少了并且分别地，而易变的P的增加不与在微生物引起的生物资源P的减小一致，随溶解器官的C和矿物质N的增加被相关。消毒实验结果显示微生物为C和N脉搏主要负责，而非微生物引起的因素是到易变的P脉搏的主要贡献者。Phospholipid丰满的酸分析显示土壤微生物对drying-rewetting事件高度抵抗并且干旱抵抗的组为滋养的转变可能负责。因此，现在的学习证明在drying-rewetting事件期间弄干的中等土壤能改进N，然而并非P的矿化作用，并且不同机制为C，N，和P脉搏负责，这在drying-rewetting期间观察了事件。

简介：火影响物理、化学的性质和土壤自然生态系统的生物活动。这研究在唐米燕区域被进行，在西方的伊朗的Ilam省。学习地点是110公顷，在我们在被火严厉分类的区域取样了土壤的地方：低(LS)，高度(HS)和中等严厉(MS)，并且未燃(UB)，它用作控制。在每个严厉班上，25个横断点随机为测量被选择。在每个横断阴谋中心附近，3件土壤样品随机被选择，土壤收集了从0～20?厘米深度被合为在实验室分析被使用在那个点代表条件的一件合成样品。在UB和LS火类上的阴谋有类似的土壤条件并且有象浸透的潮湿，器官的碳，二氧化碳，和淤泥和泥土内容那样的因素的更高的值。相反，在HS和MS火严厉班上的阴谋沿着在土壤酸味，电的传导性，阳离子交换能力，可存取的磷，可存取的钾，体积密度，和沙代表了坡度的第一轴在积极方向被聚类。土壤属性在HS和MS火严厉班的区域是类似的，而在LS班和UB控制上的土壤条件是很类似的。在LS区域任何一个的火显著地没改变物理化学药品的土壤性质和微生物引起的基础呼吸，否则土壤能在被烧以后快速恢复。

简介：到有冷忍耐的无热水设备灌溉和它的关联的谷物质量特点的反应从云南省在11个装饰用的梨树米饭变化被学习，中国。结果显示到无热水设备压力的谷物质量特点的反应与米饭变化和谷物质量特点变化了。在无热水设备压力下面，，谷物宽度，白垩的米饭率，白色，1000谷物重量，稻谷率，味道米价值，山峰粘性，马槽粘性，故障粘性和最后的粘性显著地减少了谷物长度宽度比率，头米饭率，碱消化价值，蛋白质内容和挫折粘性显著地增加了。然而，象谷物长度，直链淀粉内容，milled米饭率，山峰粘性时间和粘贴的温度那样的另外的特点没被无热水设备压力显著地影响。重要关联在phenotypic可接受程度和味道米价值，蛋白质内容，山峰粘性和故障粘性的冷反应索引之间被发现。因此，改进云南米饭变化的冷忍耐以便稳定并且改善他们的吃的质量将是很重要的。

简介：作为常规授精的一种选择评估器官的修正案的使用，沃土土壤的一个10年的实验在在Guadalquivir河山谷与化肥(NPK)和植物的堆肥(器官的化肥)使用的温室和室外的阴谋在一个庄稼旋转系统下面被进行，西班牙。土壤上的这二不同授精政体的效果物理性质被评估。玷污器官的碳(OC)，土壤体积密度(BD)，土壤水保留(WR)，可得到的水内容(AWC)，总数稳定性(作为)，并且玷污物理质量(德克斯特的索引，S)被决定。器官的化肥的使用增加了OC并且导致了的重要增加作为并且在与在温室和室外的阴谋的矿物质化肥申请相比的BD的减少。而温室阴谋出现了，室外的阴谋显示出最低BD价值象价值最高。在10年的实验的最后年里，S参数在器官的化肥阴谋是显著地更高的，特别为温室阴谋。在学习经期的结束，在在在在两个系统的治疗之间的领域能力(FC)的WR没有重要差别；AWC在矿物质在温室阴谋，但是更高也是类似的室外的阴谋。在矿物质化肥处理，在物理性质的小改进也与以前的集中的收割系统相比由于不太好攻击的耕种的利用被观察。物理土壤性质与土壤OC被相关。持续管理技术象器官的修正案的使用那样并且低或没有耕种改进了土壤物理性质，尽管有在管理的差别，那显著地逻辑地影响了结果。

简介：Withdecreasingavailabilityofwaterforagricultureandincreasingdemandforriceproduction,anoptimumuseofirrigationwaterandphosphorusmayguaranteesustainablericeproduction.Fieldexperimentswereconductedin2003and2004toinvestigatetheeffectofphosphorusandirrigationlevelsonyield,waterproductivity(WP),phosphorususeefficiency(PUE)andincomeoflowlandrice.Theexperimentwaslaidoutinrandomizedcompleteblockdesignwithsplitplotarrangementsreplicatedfourtimes.Mainplotconsistedoffivephosphoruslevels,viz.0(P0),50(P50),100(P100),150(P150),and200(P200)kg/hm2,whilesubplotscontainedofirrigationtimes,i.e.8(I8),10(I10),12(I12),and14(I14)irrigationlevels,eachwithawaterdepthof7.5cm.MeanvaluesrevealedthatP150incombinationwithI10producedthehighestpaddyyield(9.8t/hm2)andnetbenefit(1231.8US$/hm2)amongallthetreatments.PhosphorusenhancedWPwhenappliedinappropriatecombinationwithirrigationlevel.ThehighestmeanWP[13.3kg/(hm2?mm)]couldbeachievedatP150withI8anddecreasedwithincreaseinirrigationlevel,whilethehighestmeanPUE(20.1kg/kg)couldbeachievedatP100withI10anddiminishedwithhigherPlevels.TheoverallresultsindicatethatP150alongwithI10wasthebestcombinationforsustainablericecultivationinsiltyclaysoil.

简介：六高并且从dominantsemi矮子异种(Y98149)导出的矮子near-isogenic线被选择学习高度表示和敏感到gibberellicacid(GA_3)。长度第4-5内部节点，第三，第二，1st内部分别地，从顶的节点和在isogenic附近的六个矮子的圆锥花序长度是在六高的97.2%那些，53.3%，65.1%，61.9%和94.7%显示主导的相形见绌半的基因显著地禁止了内部节点延伸。而且，Y98149(变异的类型)比Y98148(野生型)对GA_3更敏感，并且在植物有更低的GA_3集中，大约78%Y98148。

简介：Carbonofhumusacids(HSAC)anddissolvedorganiccarbon(DOC)arethemostactiveformsofsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)andplayanimportantroleinglobalcarbonrecycling.WeinvestigatedtheconcentrationsofHSAC,water-solubleorganiccarbon(WSOC),hotwater-extractableorganiccarbon(HWOC)andSOCinsoilsunderdifferentvegetationtypesoffourcopperminetailingssiteswithdifferingvegetationsuccessiontimeperiodsinTongling,China.TheconcentrationsofHSAC,WSOC,HWOCandSOCincreasedwithvegetationsuccession.WSOCconcentrationincreasedwiththeaccumulationofSOCinthetailings,andalinearlypositivecorrelationexistedbetweentheconcentrationsofHSACandSOCinthetailings.However,thepercentagesofHSACandDOCintheSOCdecreasedduringvegetationsuccession.TherateofSOCaccumulationwashigherwhenthesuccessiontimewaslongerthan20years,whereasthespeedsofsoilorganicmatter(SOM)decompositionandhumificationwereslow,andtheconcentrationsofHSACandDOCincreasedslowlyinthetailings.Thepercentageofcarbonofhumicacid(HAC)inHSACincreasedwithvegetationsuccession,andthevaluesofhumificationindex(HI),HAC/carbonoffulvicacid,alsoincreasedwiththeaccumulationofHSACandSOCinsoilsofthetailingssites.However,theHIvalueintheeachofthetailingswaslessthan0.50.ThehumificationrateofSOMwaslowerthantheaccumulationrateofSOM,andthelevelofsoilfertilitywasstillverylowinthetailingsevenafter40yearsofnaturalrestoration.