简介:TcellhomeostasiscommonlyreferstothemaintenanceofrelativelystableTcellnumbersintheperipherallymphoidorgans.AmongthelargenumbersofTcellsintheperiphery,Tcellsexhibitstructuraldiversity,I.e.,theexpressionofadiverserepertoireofTcellreceptors(TCRs),andfunctionaldiversity,I.e.,thepresenceofTcellsatna(I)ve,effector,andmemorydevelopmentalstages.AlthoughthehomeostasisofTcellnumbershasbeenextensivelystudied,investigationofthemechanismsunderlyingthemaintenanceofstructuralandfunctionaldiversityofTcellsisstillatanearlystage.ThefundamentalfeaturethroughoutTcelldevelopmentistheinteractionbetweentheTCRandeitherselforforeignpeptidesinassociationwithMHCmolecules.Inthisreview,wepresentevidenceshowingthathomeostasisofTcellnumberanddiversityismediatedthroughcompetitionforlimitingresources.ThenumberofTcellsismaintainedthroughcompetitionforlimitingcytokines,whereasthediversityofTcellsismaintainedbycompetitionforself-peptide-MHCcomplexes.Inotherwords,diversityoftheself-peptiderepertoirelimitsthestructural(TCR)diversityofaTcellpopulation.Wespeculatethatcognatelowaffinityself-peptides,actingasweakagonistsandantagonists,regulatethehomeostasisofTcelldiversitywhereasnon-cognateornullpeptideswhichareextremelyabundantforanygivenTCR,maycontributetothehomeostasisofTcellnumberbyprovidingsurvivalsignals.Moreover,self-peptidesandcytokinesmayformspecializednichesfortheregulationofTcellhomeostasis.
简介:T房间受体(TCR)的结扎独自是不够的导致T淋巴细胞的完整的激活。介绍房间(APC)和T房间的抗原上的另外的ligand受体相互作用(costimulation)被要求。T房间costimulation被显示了为得到有效T房间回答必要,包含在T房间开发期间的所有阶段。然而,costimulation由影响T房间的功能的机制仍然需要被阐明。在最近的年里,在癌症,传染疾病以及自体免疫的疾病作为潜在的治疗在costimulation的研究被献殷勤。在这评论,我们讨论了调整T房间增长,房间周期前进,cytokine生产,幸存,和存储器开发的细胞内部的costimulation信号。一般来说,phosphoinositide-3kinase(PI3K)的小径/proteinkinaseB(PKB,也作为Akt知道)/nuclear因素B(NF-B)可能对许多costimulatory效果中央。通过这些小径,costimulation由survivin和曙光B表示的维护控制T房间扩大和增长,并且由调整bcl-2家庭成员的表达式支撑长期的T房间幸存和存储器开发。
简介:ImmunizationwithinactivatedautoreactiveTcells(Tcellvaccination)selectedfromindividual'sownTcellrepertoireprovidesauniqueinvivosettingfortestingimmuneregulationthatisknowntoinvolveinteractionsofavarietyofrelatedsurfacemolecules(1).ItinducesregulatoryimmuneresponsesthatcloselyresembletheinvivosituationwheretheimmunesystemischallengedbyclonalactivationandexpansionofgivenTcellpopulationsinvariousautoimmunediseases.TcellvaccinationprovidesapowerfulmeansofelicitingnaturalreactionsoftheimmunesysteminresponsetoclonalexpansionofTcells,whichcanusedasatherapeuticapproachtosuppressoreliminatespecificpathogenicautoreactiveTcellsinautoimmuneconditions.ClinicaltrialsusingTcellvaccinationtodepleteautoreactiveTcellsinhumanautoimmuneconditionshavebeguntorevealthepathologicrelevanceofvariousautoimmuneTcellpopulationsinthediseaseprocesses,providingauniqueopportunitytotesttheautoimmunetheoriesinaclinicalsetting.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.2004;1(5):321-327.
简介:Traditionally,thematerialswhichareregardedasantigensrecognizedbyγδTlymphocytesareproteinandcarbohydrate,notnucleicacidorlipid.Recently,ithasbeendemonstratedthatγδTcellscanrecognizelipidAanddirectlyinduceimmuneresponsesthatinvolveCD1(clusterofdifferentiationtype1)familyandTolllikereceptors(TLRs).Thisisareviewabouttheinteracting-mechanism,immunologicaleffectandclinicalapplicationofthem.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.
简介:Activation-inducedcelldeath(AICD),whichresultsfromtheinteractionbetweenFasandFasligand,isresponsibleformaintainingtolerancetoself-antigen.AdefectinAICDmayleadtodevelopmentofautoimmunity.Duringthelastseveralyears,muchprogresshasbeenmadeinunderstandingthemechanism(s)ofAICDanditspotentialroleinthepathogenesisofautoimmunediseases.Inthisreview,wesummarizethemostrecentprogressontheregulationofthesusceptibilityofTcellstoAICDanditspossibleinvolvementinautoimmunediseases.
简介:Itiswell-knownthatidiopathicthrombocytopenicpurpura(ITP)isanacquiredorgan-specificautoimmunehemorrhagicdiseaseanddysfunctionalcellularimmunityisconsideredimportantinthepathophysiologyofITP.However,polarizationpatternsandapoptosisprofilesofTlymphocytesremainunclear.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthepolarizationofTcellsubsets,theexpressionsofapoptoticproteinsFas/FasLonthesubsetsandthelevelofanti-apoptoticgenebcl-2andbaxmRNA.ItwasdemonstratedthattheratiosofTh1/Th2andTc1/Tc2inITPchildrenwereincreasedobviouslyandthattheaveragepercentageswereincreasedclearlyforTh1andTh2,butnotforTc1andTc2.InITPchildren,theenhancingexpressionsweredetectedforFasLonTh1andTc1andforFasonTh2andTc2.Withincreasinglevelofbcl-2mRNAanddecreasingexpressionofbaxmRNAinITPchildren,theratioofbcl-2/baxmRNAwasimprovedobviously,whichwaspositivecorrelatedwiththeratioofTh1/Th2.Takentogether,ourfindingsindicatethatITPisaTh1predominantdisease.ThispolarizationpatternofTcellsubsetsmightberelatedtothehighratioofbcl-2/baxmRNAandtheabnormalexpressionsofFasandFasLonTcellsubsets.Cellular&MolecularImmunology.
简介:CD8+T房间在对感染向保护提供细胞内部的病原体和一些肿瘤起一个枢轴的作用,这很好被接受。在许多情况中,保护的免疫为时间(免疫学的记忆)的长经期被维持。在过去的年,不得不以便完成这些多重任务,受动器的不同子集和记忆T房间被产生,变得明显。然而,直到今天,很少对子集区别并且预定系命运决定的内在的机制被知道。在这上下文,在哪个功能的同种细胞的扩大和phenotypical异质的水平被完成决定具有特殊重要性。为T房间子集多样化的不同模型被建议了;这些在priming和同种细胞的扩大期间主要在时间点不同(优先,在期间,或在第一个房间部门以外)区别什么时候编程序,被导致。最近发达的单个房间的采纳转移技术允许我们证明那个单个先锋房间仍然忍受完整的粘性开发不同T房间子集进过多。这观察指向向在第一个房间部门以外仍然是起作用的因素塑造T房间子集区别。这些调查结果为疫苗的开发有重要含意,,向不同子集的区别模式的调整能成为强大的策略提高疫苗的功效和质量。
简介:人工的介绍抗原的房间被期望在注入前刺激T房间的最佳的治疗学的特征的扩大和获得。这里,绑在IgGmonoclonal抗体的可结晶的碎片的CD32遗传上在人的K562白血病房间上被表示为T房间受体提供ligand。CD86和4-1BBL,它是分别地,CD28和4-1BB的受体是的共同刺激的ligands也在K562上表示了房间。然后,我们由对CD3与OKT3monoclonal抗体联合K32/CD86/4-1BBL房间完成了人工的介绍抗原的房间,命名K32/CD86/4-1BBL/OKT3房间。这些人工的修改细胞有导致CD8+T细胞激活的能力,支持CD8+T细胞增长,分割,和长期的生长,禁止CD8+T细胞apoptosis,并且提高IFN-和perforin的CD8+T细胞分泌物。而且,抗原特定的细胞毒素的T淋巴细胞能在至少在28天以内与K32/CD86/4-1BBL/OKT3房间刺激的文化被保留。这条途径为CD8+T房间的扩大和激活柔韧、简单、可再现、节俭并且可以为采纳免疫疗法有重要治疗学的含意。
简介:SKGmouse,asamodelofspontaneousrheumatoidarthritis(RA)bredrecentyears,issimilartothepatientswithRA.WeanalyzedtheclonotypesofTcellinfiltratingintojointsofSKGmiceininitialstageandlatestageofRAbyusingreversetranscriptase-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)andsubsequentsingle-strandconformationpolymorphism(SSCP).TheresultsindicatedthatthepercentagesofclonotypesTCRVβ2andVβ8.2ofTcellcionotypesincreasedobviouslyto72.3%and60.2%,respectively.MicenumberwithidenticalTCRVβ2andVβ8.2clonotypesalsoclearlyincreasedinlatestageofdiseaseto100%and75%,respectively.TheseresultsmeanthatTcellswithTCRVβ2andVβ8.2clonotypesprobablyplayanimportantroleinRAprogressionofSKGmouse.SequencingoftheextractedDNAverifiedthatcommonbandsonSSCPgelwerederivedfromthesameTcellclonesamongsamplesfromdifferentjoints.TheresultsweobtainedimpliedthatRT-PCR/SSCPmethodwasasensitiveandcrediblemethodforanalyzingTcellclonotypes.WhentheTcellsofSKGmousewereadoptivelytransferredtoanudemouse,itwasverifiedthattheTcellsinfiltratingintojointswererelatedtomorbidformationofRA.
简介:类脂化合物椽子的第一外观,或类脂化合物像木排的结构,被cryo电子的显微镜学偶尔作为洞在1980年代观察,例如caveolae。然而,充分类脂化合物木排理解被T房间激活,病毒entry/budding,和另外的膜事件的研究归因。在T房间和抗原介绍房间的相互作用期间,在胆固醇和sphingolipids被充实的地方,高度组织的结构在二个房间的接口被形成,并且形成液体断断续续地便于发信号的蛋白质的订的阶段。类脂化合物椽子也涉及病毒入口和汇编。在这评论,我们将讨论cholesterol-sphingolipid漂浮microdomain,是的类脂化合物木排血浆膜的唯一的分隔空间与保证蛋白质和类脂化合物的正确细胞内部的交通的生物功能,例如由在这些microdomains集中某些蛋白质的蛋白质蛋白质相互作用,当排除其它时。我们也讨论类脂化合物椽子的混乱与不同疾病有关,老化,和我们特别为抗病毒和反发炎作为药品的目标利用类脂化合物椽子,特别地由类脂化合物椽子的抑制或混乱为爱滋病预防和保护控制HIV感染的一条新途径。
简介:CD8+细胞毒素的T淋巴细胞(CTL)疲劳是为在长期的传染疾病的无效病毒消除的一个主要问题。我们产生了新奇ovalbumin(卵)特定的OVA-Texo和导致治疗学的免疫的HIV特定的Gag-Texo疫苗。在长期的感染估计他们的治疗学的效果,我们由与表示卵的侵入人体气管粘膜的病菌AdVova感染C57BL/6老鼠的i.v开发了一个新长期的感染模型。在长期的AdVova感染期间,老鼠CTL被发现房间死亡protein-1(PD-1)和淋巴细胞激活gene-3(LAG-3)到禁止的分子规划了的快车,证明在T房间增长,IFN-生产和cytolytic的重要缺乏完成机能上地精疲力尽并且。天真的CD8+T房间upregulated禁止的PD-ligand1(PD-L1),B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞衰减器和T房间联系变应力缺乏的分子(圣盘和痒)当时下面调整在在有长期的感染的老鼠的刺激之上的proliferative反应。显著地,OVA-Texo疫苗抵抗了T房间变应力缺乏并且变换了CTL疲劳。后者与(i)被联系为CTL功能的一个标记的upregulation,diacetylatedhistone-H3(diAcH3),(ii)CTL,宿主DC的发生独立人士或CD4+T细胞的四折的增加,并且(iii)CTLIFN-生产和cytotoxicity的恢复。在vivoOVA-Texo-stimulatedCTLupregulatedmTORC1的活动小径相关的分子Akt,S6,eIF4E和T赌注,和有一个mTORC1禁止者的CTL的处理,rapamycin,显著地在CTL减少了OVA-Texo-induced增加。有趣地,发信号的OVA-Texo-mediatedCD40L在观察免疫学的效果起了一个关键作用。重要地,Gag-Texo疫苗在长期的感染导致了作呕特定的治疗学的免疫。因此,这研究应该为人的免疫不全在新治疗学的疫苗的发展有严肃的影响病毒(HIV-1)感染。
简介:免疫疗法和化疗的联合为癌症的某些类型的治疗被认为是一条有希望的途径。然而,内在的机制需要充分被调查为癌症chemoimmunotherapy指导更有效的协议的设计。联系危险的分子的模式(阻尼)能激活有免疫力的房间,是众所周知的,包括树枝状的房间(DC),经由像使用费的受体(TLR);然而,在有免疫力的反应的激活免除化学对待药的肿瘤房间的阻尼的角色需要进一步被阐明。这里,我们发现那colorectal与oxaliplatin(OXA)对待的癌症(CRC)房间或5氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)释放了高活动性的组盒子1的高水平(HMGB1)和热吃惊蛋白质70(HSP70)。在OXA/5-Fu治疗以后,也展出的CRC病人的sera增加了HMGB1和HSP70的层次,哪个是著名阻尼。与OXA/5-Fu对待的垂死的CRC房间的上层清液支持了老鼠和人的DC成熟,与HLA医生,CD80和CD86表示和IL-1β的改进的upregulation;,TNF-α;,MIP-1α;,MIP-1β;,RANTES和IP-10生产。由DC组成的疫苗与导致的化学上强调的CRC房间的上层清液搏动了更重要的IFN-γ;在vitro并且在vivo生产Th1反应。然而,化学上强调的CRC房间的上层清液没能在TLR4缺乏的DC导致phenotypic成熟和cytokine生产,显示在导致阻尼的DC成熟和激活的TLR4的一个必要角色。而且,有化学上强调的CRC房间的上层清液的pulsing高效地没导致IFN-γ;在TLR4缺乏的DC生产Th1反应。一起,这些结果证明免除化学上强调的癌症房间的阻尼能经由TLR4激活DC并且提高反肿瘤T房间有免疫力的回答的正式就职,描出一条临床上相关的免疫助手小径由阻尼被触发。
简介:Apoptotic房间转移被发现了能便于allograft的嫁接。然而,内在的机制尚待充分被理解。这里,我们证明施主apoptoticsplenocytes的静脉内的管理能由导致tolerogenic的产生支持胰腺的小岛嫁接树枝状的房间(Tol-DCs)和CD4+Foxp3+规章的T房间(Tregs)。在vivo,树枝状的房间(DC)或Tregs的清理由apoptotic房间管理阻止了有免疫力的忍耐的正式就职。用anti-CD25的Tregs的短暂消除,monoclonal抗体(mAb)在apoptoticsplenocytes的管理以后废除了Tol-DCs的产生。相互地,在用白喉毒素(DT)的CD11c数据终端就绪老鼠以内的DC的弄空与apoptoticsplenocytes的管理在接受者阻止了Tregs的产生。在二个房间之间的房间接触打的由直接要求,并且规划了死亡1ligand(PD-L1)的Tol-DCs的Tregs的正式就职在Tregs扩大起了重要作用。Apoptotic房间管理没能在IL-10-deficient和Smad3缺乏的老鼠导致Tol-DCs,建议那IL-10和转变生长factor-β;(TGF-β;)被需要处于tolerogenic状态维持DC。因此,我们证明Tol-DCs在他们的表面上并且相互地经由PD-L1支持Tregs的扩大Tregs便于Tol-DCs维持apoptotic房间经由secretingIL-10和TGF-β导致的移植忍耐;。
简介:ToelucidatethestructuresofSLA-DR(swineleukocyteantigenDR)genesofthreeChinesepigstrains(Gz,BmandYn),theSLA-DRAandSLA-DRBcDNAwereamplifiedbyRT-PCRandsubjectedtodeterminethesequences.ThewholestructuresofSLA-DRAallelesareidenticalamongthreestrains,consistingof759nucleotidesincludinganopenreadingframe(ORF),andaresharedwiththosereportedfromNIHminipigsSLA-DRAcandSLA-DRAd.ThesamelengthoftheORF-containingSLA-DRBgenesofthreeChinesepigstrainswasalsoidentified.Theyarecomposedof801nucleotidesencodingaxenogeneicantigenmoleculeof266aminoacidresidues.ThenucleotidesequencesoftheSLA-DRBgenes,however,aredifferentwhencomparedeitheramongthethreestrainsorwiththepublisheddataofSLA-DRBsequences,whichallowedournovelSLA-DRBallelesreceivingtheiraccessionnumbersAY102479,AY102480andAY102481fromtheGenBank.ThisstudyfurtherrevealsthatthephylogenichomologiesofMHCDRorDR-likegenesinstructuresofnucleotidesanddeducedaminoacidsbetweenChinesepigs(SLA)andhuman(HLA-DRB1*0901)arebetterthanthosebetweenpigsandmice(H-2bEβ).HighsimilaritieswerealsofoundforDRα-DRβheterodimersbetweenChinesepigsandhumanintermsofaminoacidssequencescriticalforbindingwithhumanCD4coreceptormolecule,whicharebetterthanthosebetweenSLA-DRandH-2I-Emolecules.Afunctionaltestindicatedthat,bycotransfectionwithBm-DRAandBm-DRBgenes,theBm-DRmolecule-expressedL929cellscouldstimulatehumanTcellsquitewellinaxenogeneicreactioninpresenceofhumanAPCs.
简介:FTY720,asphingosine1-phosphatereceptormodulator,inducesamarkeddecreaseinthenumberofperipheralbloodlymphocytesandexertsimmunomodulatingactivityinvariousexperimentalallograftandautoimmunediseasemodels.Inthisstudy,weevaluatedtheeffectofFTY720anditsactivemetabolite,(S)-enantiomerofFTY720-phosphate[(S)-FTY720-P]onexperimentalautoimmuneencephalomyelitis(EAE)inratsandmice.ProphylacticadministrationofFTY720at0.1to1mg/kgalmostcompletelypreventedthedevelopmentofEAE,andtherapeutictreatmentwithFTY720significantlyinhibitedtheprogressionofEAEandEAE-associatedhistologicalchangeinthespinalcordsofLEWratsinducedbyimmunizationwithmyelinbasicprotein.ConsistentwithratEAE,thedevelopmentofproteolipidprotein-inducedEAEinSJL/JmicewasalmostcompletelypreventedandinfiltrationofCD4+TcellsintospinalcordwasdecreasedbyprophylactictreatmentwithFTY720and(S)-FTY720-P.WhenFTY720or(S)-FTY720-PwasgivenafterestablishmentofEAEinSJL/Jmice,therelapseofEAEwasmarkedlyinhibitedascomparedwithinterferon-β,andtheareaofdemyelinationandtheinfiltrationofCD4+TcellsweredecreasedinspinalcordsofEAEmice.SimilartherapeuticeffectbyFTY720wasobtainedinmyelinoligodendrocyteglycoprotein-inducedEAEinC57BL/6mice.TheseresultsindicatethatFTY720exhibitsnotonlyaprophylacticbutalsoatherapeuticeffectonEAEinratsandmice,andthattheeffectofFTY720onEAEappearstobeduetoareductionoftheinfiltrationofmyelinantigen-specificCD4+Tcellsintotheinflammationsite.
简介:尽管有CD4+CD25+规章的T房间(Tregs)在过去的十年期间,在他们的临床的翻译以后的进步仍然保持停滞。增长证据建议那自然地发生的CD8+CD122+T房间也是有能力的Tregs禁止T房间回答并且象alloimmunity一样压制autoimmunity。事实上,他们是像记忆的Tregs类似于一个中央记忆T房间(T厘米)显型。位于他们的抑制下面的机制仍然不好被理解,尽管他们可以包括IL-10生产。我们最近证明了那个规划death-1(PD-1)表达式区分在之间规章并且存储器CD8+CD122+T房间和那CD8+CD122+Tregs经历更快的homeostatic增长并且比常规CD4+CD25+Tregs。这些调查结果可以为在诊所加速有效Treg治疗打开调查的一根新线。在这评论,我们在CD8+CD122+Treg在诊所研究并且讨论他们的显型,在autoimmunity和alloimmunity的镇压角色,功能的要求,行动的机制和潜在的应用。