简介：TherearenotabledifferencesintheincidenceandmortalityratesforprostatecancerbetweenAsiaandWesterncountries.Itisalsorecognizedthattherearedifferencesinthinkingwithregardtotreatmentoptions.RecentlyitisalsothecasethatopinionshavebeenreportedconcerningthedifferencesbetweenAsianandWesternpatientswithregardtotheirreactiontoandrogendepletiontherapy(ADT).GiventhatADTisamethodoftreatmentthatfocusesontheeliminationoftestosterone,aninevitablesymptomofitsadministrationistestosteronelosingsyndrome.ItisforthisreasonthatinWesterncountriesADThasonlybeenrecommendedincasesofadvancedormetastaticcancer.Ontheotherhand,inAsia,ADTisusedinrelativelymanycases,includingnon-metastaticlocalizedcancerandinvasivelocalizedcancer.Todate,however,therehasbeenlittlesubstantivediscussionconcerningthisdifferenceinutilizationofADT.ADT-relateddrugsforprostatecancerandthedevelopmentofnewdrugsforcastrationresistantprostatecancer(CRPC)havebeenactivelytestedinrecentyears.ItcouldbethecasethatanalyzingthedifferencesinconceptsaboutADTbetweenAsiaandtheWestcouldcontributetotheeffectiveuseofADT-relateddrugsandalsohelptobuildnewtreatmentstrategiesforprostatecancer.

简介：质子放射疗法在hepatocellular癌(HCC)的治疗看见了一个增加的角色。历史上，外部横梁放射疗法由于毒性的高发生在HCC起了一个很有限的作用到包围正常结构。把放射的高剂量送到肿瘤的能力是在在HCC改进结果的一个关键因素。在光子放射疗法的进展改进了剂量一致并且允许剂量逐步上升到肿瘤。然而，尽管有这些进展，仍然有一个大量正常的肝，在处理期间收到可观的放射剂量。一旦他们进入身体，质子横梁没沿着横梁路径有出口剂量。质子放射疗法的固有的物理属性提供一个方法当避免过多的放射到留下的肝时，经由剂量逐步上升最大化肿瘤控制，因此增加的生物有效性。在这评论，我们在HCC为质子放射疗法讨论物理属性和基本原理。我们也关于为HCC的处理使用质子放射疗法的临床的结果考察最近的文学。

简介：ＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＡＬＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＧＥＮＥＴＨＥＲＡＰＹＷＩＴＨＴＨＲＯＭＢＯＰＯＩＥＴＩＮＬｕＣｈｅｎｇｒｏｎｇ陆承荣ＺｈａｏＪｉａｎｚｅｎｇ赵建增ＷａｎｇＸｉａｏｐｉｎｇ王小平Ｌｉｕｌｉ刘丽ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＢｉｏｌ...

简介：Dermatofibrosarcomaprotuberans(DFSP),themostcommondermalsarcoma,isalow-grade,slowgrowingfibroblasticmalignantneoplasmthatmostfrequentlyaffectsmiddleagedadultsandischaracterizedbyahighlocalrecurrencerateandalowpropensityformetastasis.WidesurgicalresectionorMohsmicrographicsurgery(MMS)arethepreferredapproachesforlocalizeddisease,whileradiationtherapyiswarrantedforinoperablediseaseorforcaseswithpositivemarginswherere-excisionisnotpossible.DFSPisgenerallyregardedasrefractorytoconventionalchemotherapy.Treatmentoptionsforsystemicdiseasewerelimiteduntilthediscoveryofauniquetranslocation,t(17;22)(q22;q13)(COL1A1;PDGFB)foundinamajorityofcases.Inrecentyears,imatinib,aPDGFβR,ABLandKITinhibitor,hasrevolutionizedsystemictherapyinDFSP.Inthisreview,wesummarizetheepidemiological,clinical,histologicalandgeneticcharacteristicsofDFSPandupdatethereadersonitscurrentmanagement.

简介：Ameloblastomaisabenignbutlocallyaggressiveodontogenieneoplasmthataccountsfor10%ofalltumorsarisinginthemandibleandmaxilla(1).Eightypercentofameloblastomasariseinthemandible,andtheyareusuallyfoundinyoungadults.Itfrequentlyrecursifnotadequatelyresected.Therefore,thestandardtherapyforthistumoriscompleteboneresectionwithanadequatemarginofsafety:marginalorsegmentalosteotomy.However,aestheticdeformities,functionalimpairmentsandpsychologicalimpairmentsafterradicalsurgeryforlargeameloblastoma,havebeenseriousissues(1).

简介：Anticancerimmunotherapyhasundergonealongevolvingjourneyfordecades,andhasbeendramaticallyappliedtomainstreamtreatmentsinoncologyinrecent5years.Thisprogressrepresentsanadvancedmilestonefollowingcytotoxicmedicineandtargetedtherapy.Cellularimmunityplaysapivotalroleintheimmuneresponsesofhoststotumorantigens.Suchimmunityisnotablysuppressedduringneoplasticprogressionduetoimmuno-editingprocesses.Cellularimmunitycanalsobeselectivelyreactivatedtocombatmalignancieswhileexploitingtheadvantagesofcontemporaryscientificbreakthroughsinmolecularimmunologyandgeneticengineering.Therapidadvancementofcellularimmunity-basedtherapeuticapproacheshasachievedhighefficacyincertaincancerpatients.Consequently,thelandscapeofoncologicmedicineandpharmaceuticalinnovationhastransformedrecently.Inthisregard,wepresentacomprehensiveupdateonclinicallyestablishedanti-cancertreatmentswithcellimmunityaugmentationasthemajormechanismofaction.

简介：Photothermalcancertherapyisanalternativetochemotherapy,radiotherapy,andsurgery.Withthedevelopmentofnanophotothermalagents,thistherapyholdsimmensepotentialinclinicaltranslation.However,thetoxicityissuesderivedfromthefactthatnanomaterialsaretrappedandretainedinthereticuloendothelialsystemslimittheirbiomedicalapplication.Developingbiodegradablephotothermalagentsisthemostpracticalroutetoaddresstheseconcerns.Inadditiontothephysicochemicalpropertiesofnanomaterials,variousinternalandexternalstimuliplaykeyrolesonnanomaterialsuptake,transport,andclearance.Inthisreview,wesummarizednovelnanoplatformsforphotothermaltherapy;thesenanoplatformscanelicitstimuli-triggereddegradation.Wefocusedontherecentinnovativedesignsendowedwithbiodegradablephotothermalagentsunderdifferentstimuli,includingenzyme,pH,andnear-infrared(NIR)laser.

简介：Sonodynamictherapy(SDT)isanemergingapproachthatinvolvesacombinationoflow-intensityultrasoundandspecializedchemicalagentsknownassonosensitizers.Ultrasoundcanpenetratedeeplyintotissuesandcanbefocusedintoasmallregionofatumortoactivateasonosensitizerwhichoffersthepossibilityofnon-invasivelyeradicatingsolidtumorsinasite-directedmanner.Inthisarticle,wecriticallyreviewedthecurrentlyacceptedmechanismsofsonodynamicactionandsummarizedtheclassificationofsonosensitizers.Atthesametime,thebreathofevidencefromSDT-basedstudiessuggeststhatSDTispromisingforcancertreatment.

简介：超声能不仅在检查，而且在治疗被使用，特别在癌症的治疗。Sonodynamic治疗是使用超声提高作为sonosensitizers知道的代理人的细胞毒素的效果的一个试验性的癌症治疗方法。它在vitro并且在vivo被测试了。超声能在一些直接改变房间膜渗透的条件下面渗透织物和房间，从而在某度允许外长的分子的交货进房间。超声能禁止增长或在vitro或在vivo导致癌症房间的apoptosis。低频率的显示的最近的研究和低紧张的超声能导致房间apoptosis，它能被sonodynamic敏感加强，microbubbles，化学疗法的药等等。超声的大多数类型通过导致癌症房间的apoptosis压制了癌症房间的增长。apoptosis的机制不是清楚的。在这评论，我们将集中于并且由超声讨论癌症房间apoptosis的正式就职的机制。

简介：Sincetheapprovalofrituximabin1997,monoclonalantibodies(mAbs)havebecomeanincreasinglyimportantcomponentoftherapeuticregimensinoncology.ThesuccessofmAbsasatherapeuticclassisaresultofgreatstridesthathavebeenmadeinmolecularbiologyandinbiotechnologyoverthepastseveraldecades.Currently,thereare14approvedmAbproductsforoncologyindications,andtherearetenadditionalmAbsinlatestagesofclinicaltrials.Comparedtotraditionalchemotherapeuticagents,mAbshaveseveraladvantages,includingalongcirculatinghalf-lifeandhightargetspecificity.Antibodiescanserveascytotoxicagentswhenadministeredalone,exertingapharmacologiceffectthroughseveralmechanismsinvolvingtheantigenbinding(Fab)and/orFcdomainsofthemolecule,andmAbsmayalsobeutilizedasdrugcarriers,targetingatoxicpayloadtocancercells.TheextremelyhighaffinityofmAbsfortheirtargets,whichisdesirablewithrespecttopharmacodynamics(i.e.,contributingtothehightherapeuticselectivityofmAb),oftenleadstocomplex,non-linear,target-mediatedpharmacokinetics.Inthisreport,wesummarizethepharmacokineticandpharmacodynamicsofmAbsthathavebeenapprovedandofmAbsthatarenearingapprovalforoncologyindications,withparticularfocusonthemolecularandcellularmechanismsresponsiblefortheirdispositionandefficacy.

简介：Inthecomingyearslifeexpectancyisexpectedtoincreaseandwiththisthepercentageofthepopulationaboveage65willgrow.Patientsabove65makeupmorethantwothirdsofthosecurrentlydiagnosedwithgastrointestinalmalignancies.Availableevidencebasedmedicinedoesnotfocusontheaveragepatient,abovetheage70,encounteredineverydaypractice.Mostguidelinesandclinicaltrialsarenotdesignedtotakeintoaccountthespecialconsiderationsneededwhentreatingtheelderlysuchasfunctionalstatus,comorbidities,polypharmacy,lifeexpectancy,andsocialsupport.Themajorityofavailabledataisbasedonretrospectivereviewsorsubsetanalysesoflargerstudieswheretheelderlyrepresentafractionofthestudiedpopulation.Thisreviewfocusesonthetoxicitiesandtolerabilityofcurrentstandardtherapiesfornoncolorectalgastrointestinalmalignancies,includinggastroesophageal,pancreatic,bileductandhepatocellularcancersintheelderly.Withcarefulpatientselectionandgeriatricassessmenttheelderlycansafelybenefitfromstandardtherapiesofferedtoyoungerpatients.

简介：

简介：Acrucialfeatureofnanoparticles,suchasliposomes,magneticnanoparticles,quantumdots,metallicnanoparticles,silicananoparticles,polymersomesanddendrimersetc.,istheirhigheraccumulationinthetumorthaninnormaltissues1-3.Variousnanoparticleshavebeenintensivelyusedasvehiclestodeliverchemotherapeutic

简介：Radiationtherapyperformsanimportantfunctionincancertreatment.However,resistanceoftumorcellstoradiationtherapystillremainsaseriousconcern,sothestudyofradiosensitizershasemergedasapersistenthotspotinradiationoncology.Alongwiththerapidadvancementofnanotechnologyinrecentyears,thepotentialvalueofnanoparticlesasnovelradiosensitizershasbeendiscovered.Thisreviewsummarizesthelatestexperimentalfindingsbothinvitroandinvivoandattemptstohighlighttheunderlyingmechanismsofresponseinnanoparticleradiosensitization.

简介：Objective:TostudytheeffectofantisenseVEGFRNAonratC6gliomasinvivoandfindoutthefeasibilityofantiangiogenesistherapywithantisenseVEGFRNAformalignantgliomas.Methods:ParentalratC6gliomacellsandC6cellstransfectedwithantisenseVEGFcDNAwereimplantedintracerebrallyandsubcutaneouslyintoSDratsascontrolandtransfectedgroup.RatsbearingcerebralandsubcutaneousC6gliomasweretreatedwithantisenseVEGFcDNAastreatedgroupandsenseVEGFcDNAandemptyvectorascontroloftreatedgroup.Thegeneralmanifestation,survivaltime,MRIandhistopathologicalchangesofallratswereobserved.Thevolumeofsubcutaneouslyimplantedtumorswasdeterminedregularly.InsituhybridizationandimmunohistochemicalstainingwereusedfordetectionofVEGFgeneexpressionofgliomaswhilePCNAimmunostainingandTUNELmethodforexaminationofproliferationactivityandapoptosisofgliomas,respectively.Results:Thesurvivaloftheratsintransfectedandtreatedgroupwasprolonged.Thereweretworatssurvivingover90dinthetreatedgroupandtheirtumorsdisappeared.TheVEGFgeneexpression,thenumberofmicrovesselsandtheproliferationactivityweredecreasedandalargeamountofapoptoticcellscouldbefoundincerebralandsubcutaneousgliomasintreatedandtransfectedgroups.Conclusion:VEGFisoneofthecandidategenesforgenetherapyofmalignantgliomas.AntisenseVEGFRNAcombinedwithothertherapiesshouldbestudiedfurtherforenhancingthetherapeuticeffectofmalignantgliomas.

简介：Melanomaisthedeadliestformofskincancerandhasanincidencethatisrisingfasterthananyothersolidtumor.Metastaticmelanomatreatmenthasconsiderablyprogressedinthepastfiveyearswiththeintroductionoftargetedtherapy(BRAFandMEKinhibitors)andimmunecheckpointblockade(anti-CTLA4,anti-PD-1,andanti-PD-L1).However,eachtreatmentmodalityhaslimitations.Treatmentwithtargetedtherapyhasbeenassociatedwithahighresponserate,butwithshort-termresponses.Conversely,treatmentwithimmunecheckpointblockadehasalowerresponserate,butwithlongtermresponses.Targetedtherapyaffectsantitumorimmunity,andsynergymayexistwhentargetedtherapyiscombinedwithimmunotherapy.Thisarticlepresentsabriefreviewoftherationaleandevidenceforthepotentialsynergybetweentargetedtherapyandimmunecheckpointblockade.Challengesanddirectionsforfuturestudiesarealsoproposed.

简介：Platinum-basedanticanceragentsarewidelyusedasfirst-linedrugsincancerchemotherapyforvarioussolidtumors.However,greatsideeffectsandoccurrenceofresistanceremainasthemajordrawbacksforalmostalltheplatinumdrugsdeveloped.Toconquertheseproblems,newstrategiesshouldbeadoptedforplatinumdrugbasedchemotherapy.Modernnanotechnologyhasbeenwidelyemployedinthedeliveryofvarioustherapeuticsanddiagnostic.Itprovidesthepossibilityoftargeteddeliveryofacertainanticancerdrugtothetumorsite,whichcouldminimizetoxicityandoptimizethedrugefficacy.Here,inthisreview,wefocusedontherecentprogressinpolymerbaseddrugdeliverysystemsforplatinum-basedcombinationtherapy.

简介：Laryngealsquamouscellcarcinoma(LSCC)remainsahighlymorbidandfataldisease.Historically,ithasbeenamodelexamplefororganpreservationandtreatmentstratificationparadigms.Unfortunately,survivalforLSCChasstagnatedoverthepastfewdecades.Astheeraofnext-generationsequencingandpersonalizedtreatmentforcancerapproaches,LSCCmaybeanidealdiseaseforconsiderationoffurthertreatmentstratificationandpersonalization.Here,wewilldiscusstheimportanthistoryofLSCCasamodelsystemfororganpreservation,uniqueandpotentiallytargetablegeneticsignaturesofLSCC,andmethodsforbringingstratified,personalizedtreatmentstrategiestothe21~(st)century.

简介：Themanagementofcastrate-resistantprostatecancerprogressingaftermaximumandrogenblockade(MAB)hasevolvedinthelastdecadewiththedevelopmentofseveralnoveltherapeuticoptions.However,theinitialtherapeuticstrategyinthesepatientsusuallyinvolveswithdrawalofanti-androgenthatcanbeassociatedwithbiochemicalresponseinapproximately20%ofpatients.Notably,wehaveobservedevidenceofsustainedbiochemicalresponseintwopatientsfollowingsecondandthird-lineMABusingrechallengescheduleofpreviouslyadministeredanti-androgenafterlatentinterval.ThepossibilityofresponsefollowingsequentialMABusingthesameanti-androgenagenthasnotyetbeenreported.

简介：Thedevelopmentofcancernanotherapeuticshasattractedgreatinterestintherecentdecade.Cancernanotherapeuticshaveovercomeseverallimitationsofconventionaltherapies,suchasnonspecificbiodistribution,poorwatersolubility,andlimitedbioavailability.Nanoparticleswithtunedsizeandsurfacecharacteristicsarethekeycomponentsofnanotherapeutics,andaredesignedtopassivelyoractivelydeliveranti-cancerdrugstotumorcells.Weprovideanoverviewofnanoparticle-baseddrugdeliverymethodsandcancertherapiesbasedontumor-targetingdeliverystrategiesthathavebeendevelopedinrecentyears.