简介：Traumaticinjuriestospinalcordelicitdiversesignalingpathwaysleadingtounselectiveandcomplexpathologicaloutcomes:deathofmultipleclassesofneuralcells,formationofcysticcavitiesandglialscars,disruptionofaxonalconnections,anddemyelinationofsparedaxons,allofwhichcancontributemoreorlesstodebilitatingfunctionalimpairmentsfoundinpatientswithspinal

简介：Thismini-reviewpresentstheauthors'visiononthecurrentstatusandfuturetrendsinthedevelopmentofneuroprotectiveagentsworkingviaactivationofnuclearfactorerythroid2-relatedfactor2(Nrf2),andinparticular,viadisruptionofNrf2-Keaplinteraction.Therearetwoopposite'chemical'mechanismsunderlyingsuchactivation:thefirstoneisanon-specificcovalentmodificationofKeap1thiols,resultinginsideeffectsofvariedseverity,andthesecondoneistheshiftoftheNrf2-Kelch-likeECHassociatedprotein-1(Keap1)bindingequilibriuminthepresenceofacompetitiveandchemicallybenigndisplacementagent.Atthispoint,nodisplacementactivatorsexhibitsufficientbiologicalactivityincomparisonwithcommonNrf2activatorsworkingviaKeaplthiolmodification.Hence,thehopeintherapeuticsisnowlinkedtotheFDAapproveddimethylfumarate,whosederivative,monomethylfumarate,aswedemonstratedrecently,ismuchlesstoxicbutequallybiologicallypotentandanidealcandidateforclinicaltrialsrightnow.AnewlyemergingplayerisanuclearinhibitorofNrf2,BTBdomainandCNChomolog1(Bach1).ThecommerciallydevelopedBachlinhibitorsarecurrentlyunderinvestigationinourlaboratoryshowingpromisingresults.Inourviewpoint,theperfectfuturedrugwillpresentthecombinationofadisplacementactivatorandBachlinhibitortoinsuresafetyandefficiencyofNrf2activation.

简介：Peripheralnerveinjuries(PNI)areamajorclinicalproblem.Ingeneral,PNIresultsfrommotorvehicleaccidents,lacerationswithsharpobjects,penetratingtrauma(gunshotwounds)andstretchingorcrushingtraumaandfractures.ItisestimatedthatPNIoccurin2.8%oftraumapatientsandthisnumberreaches5%ifplexusandrootlesionsarein-

简介：BACKGROUND:Conventionalmethods(suchasocclusiontherapy,finemanipulation,complementary,andalternativemedicine)takeeffectsslowly,aretimeandlaborconsuming,andhaveuncertaincurativeeffectsinthetreatmentofamblyopia.Perceptuallearning,anewmethodfortreatingamblyopia,improvestheabilitytoprocesssignalsfromthecerebralopticnervesystembyspecificvisualstimulationandvisuallearning,aswellasactivationofthevisualsignalpathwayutilizingbrainnervoussystemplasticity.OBJECTIVE:Thisstudyinvestigatedandevaluatedthecurativeeffectsofperceptuallearning,whichcandirectionallyincreasebrainplasticity,onthetreatmentofamblyopiainchildren.Therelationshipbetweencurativeeffectandtimewasalsoanalyzed.DESIGN:Aself-controlexperiment.SETTING:VisualScienceandOptometryCenter,People'sHospitalofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegion.PARTICIPANTS:Atotalof125amblyopicchildren(250amblyopiceyes),73males,52females,averaging(6±2)yearsofage,receivedtreatmentattheVisualScienceandOptometryCenter,People'sHospitalofGuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegionbetweenSeptember2006andFebruary2007andwererecruitedforthisstudy.Allchildrenpresentedwithnostructuraldiseaseoftheeyeballs.Writteninformedconsentfortherapeuticregimentswasobtainedfromeachchild'sparent.TheprotocolreceivedapprovalfromtheHospital'sEthicsCommittee.METHODS:Visualfunctionwastestedwithaperceptuallearningsystem(ResearchCenterforHumanHealthandDevelopmentofSunYat-senUniversity,NationalEngineeringTechniqueResearchCenterforMedicalCareImplement)forvisualnoise,positionnoise,contourdiscrimination,contrastsensitivity,gratingstereogram,andrandom-dotfusion.Thesetestshelpedtoevaluatetheefficiencyofvisualinformationprocessingofthesechildren,andtodeterminethedegreeofdefectsoftheopticnervecellsandtheconnectionsofvisualcorticalneurons.Accordingtoresultsofvisualfunct

简介：Toattainthevolumetricinformationoftheopticradiationinnormalhumanbrains,weperformeddiffusiontensorimagingexaminationin13healthyvolunteers.Simultaneously,weusedabrainnormalizationmethodtoreduceindividualbrainvariationandincreasetheaccuracyofvolumetricinformationanalysis.Inaddition,tractography-basedgroupmappingmethodwasalsousedtoinvestigatetheprobabilityanddistributionoftheopticradiationpathways.Ourresultsshowedthatthemeasuredopticradiationfibertractvolumewasarangeofabout0.16%andthatthefractionalanisotropyvaluewasabout0.53.Moreover,theopticradiationprobabilityfiberpathwaythatwasdeterminedwithdiffusiontensortractography-basedgroupmappingwasabletodetectthelocationrelativelyaccurately.Webelievethatourmethodsandresultsarehelpfulinthestudyofopticradiationfibertractinformation.

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