简介:随着社会的不断进步与发展,我国的各行各业都取得了重大的突破与发展,对于公路的建设来讲也取得了很大的进步,不仅仅是在建设公路的数量上急剧增加,而且对于一些地势比较险峻的地方的公路建设也逐年上升在我国很多地方,山区的地势比较险峻,而且整体的路标变换比较复杂,桥隧结构物比较大。所以,在进行山区公路的建设过程中,难度系数非常大。就因为山区地势独特的性质,导致了在进行公路设计的时候,会出现一些经常性的问题。这在新时代下,安全理念成为了公路设计理念的重要组成部分之一,在进行公路设计的时候,首先需要考虑的是安全设计,整个设计过程都需要注重安全理念的应用,从而达到使行车舒适,降低事故的发生率等为目的。本文主要就新安全理念下的公路设计进行简要的分析。
简介:Background:Volumeandtaperequationsareessentialforobtainingestimatesoftotalandmerchantablestemvolume.Taperfunctionsprovideadvantagestomerchantablevolumeequationsbecausetheyestimatediameterinsideoroutsidebarkatspecificheightsonthestem,enablingtheestimationoftotalandmerchantablestemvolume,volumeofindividuallogs,andaheightatagivendiameter.Methods:Usingdatacollectedfrom1218trees(1093Douglas-fir(Pseudotsugamenziesii(Mirbel)Franco)and125westernhemlock(Tsugaheterophylla)),weevaluatedtheperformanceofonesimplepolynomialfunctionandfourvariable-exponenttaperfunctionsinpredictingupperstemdiameter.SampletreeswerecollectedfromdifferentpartsofthestatesofOregon,Washington,andCalifornia.Wecomparedinside-barkvolumeestimatesobtainedfromtheselectedtaperequationwithestimatesobtainedfromasimplelogarithmicvolumeequationforthedataobtainedinthisstudyandtheequationsusedbytheForestInventoryandAnalysisprograminthePacificNorthwest(FIA-PNW)inthestateofCaliforniaandwesternhalfofthestatesofOregonandWashington.Results:Variableexponenttaperequationsweregenerallybetterthanthesimplepolynomialtaperequations.TheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsperformedfairlywellbutvolumeequationswithfewerparametersfittedinthisstudyprovidedcomparableresults.TheRMSEobtainedfromtaper-basedvolumeestimateswerealsocomparablewiththeRMSEoftheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsforDouglas-firandwesternhemlocktreesrespectively.Conclusions:ThetaperequationsfittedinthisstudyprovideaddedbenefittotheusersovertheFIA-PNWvolumeequationsbyenablingtheuserstopredictdiameteratanyheight,heighttoagivendiameter,andmerchantablevolumeinadditiontocubicvolumeincludingtopandstump(CVTS)ofDouglas-firandwesternhemlocktreesinthePacificNorthwest.ThefindingsofthisstudyalsogivemoreconfidencetotheusersofFIA-PNWvolumeequations.
简介:Background:Stemradialgrowthinforestsisnotuniform.Rather,itischaracterizedbyperiodsofrelativelyfastorslowgrowth,orsometimesnogrowthatall.Thesefluctuationsaregenerallyafunctionofvaryingenvironmentalconditions(e.g.wateravailability)and,importantly,willalsobeassociatedwithadjustmentsinpropertiesinthewoodformed.Standlevelconditionsandforestmanagement,particularlythinningandstanddensitywill,however,alsohaveamajorinfluenceonpatternsofgrowthvariation.Weexplorehowdifferentthinninghistoriesand/orstanddensitiesinfluencethesedynamicsoftreegrowthintheimportantcommercialplantationspeciesPinusradiotaD.Don.Methods:DailystemsizechangewasmeasuredusingelectronicpointdendrometersovertwogrowingseasonsonP.rodiatatreesattwosites,subjectedtodifferentthinningregimes.Timing,ratesandperiodicityofannualgrowthwerecalculatedfromthesedata.Results:Greateroverallcross-seaionalgrowthinthinnedplotswasdrivenmainlybytwodynamics.First,thecessationofseasonalgrowthoccurredatleast3weekslaterinthestandsinwhichthinninghadtakenplace.Therewasnodifferencebetweenthinned/unthinnedstands,however,inthetimingofgrowthonset.Second,withinthelongerseason,treesinthinnedplotshadmoregrowthdays(asmuchas20%more)thanunthinnedplots.Theratesofgrowthondayswhengrowthoccurredwerenotdifferent,however.Inthiscontext,itisnotablethatintreesintheunthinnedplotsexperiencingthemostseverecompetitiontherewerestrongMpulsesMofgrowthfollowingdrought-breakingrainfallevents.Unthinnedplotsathighstanddensitiesalsomaintainedasmaller(butconsistent)zoneofdividingcellsthroughouttheseasonthanthinnedplots.Conclusions:InPinusradiatogrowingunderconditionsasinourstudy,conditionslateinsummer,particularlydrought,haveanimportanteffectonthetimingofcessationofgrowth.Earlyseasontemperatureappearstohavenoeffectin
简介:通过对新兴媒体的典型代表——手机媒体的三大传播特征:时空的重构;人际关系的变化;消解传统媒介中心地位的分析,论述了了手机媒体在信息获取、过程参与和使用体验上与思想政治教育契合的可能性。从理论上看,手机媒体和思想政治教育作用于教育对象的方向存在统一和背离两种可能性。揭示了手机媒体对思想政治教育产生影响的二重性特质,并进一步分析了实践中手机媒体对思想政治教育二重性影响的具体表现,既拓展了人际交往的范围,也导致人际交往中的信任危机和心理危机;既提高了教育对象主动参与程度,增强了对思想政治教育工作的认同感,也增加了各种非主流文化、消极文化对思想政治教育效果弱化的可能性,提出了思想政治教育新的研究课题。