简介:通过涂覆热分解法制备了Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2、Ti/RuO2电极材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和循环伏安(CV)对电极材料进行表征,考察了电流密度、NaCl质量浓度、pH值及电极间距对废水COD降解率的影响。结果表明,Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极对COD具有更高的降解率,对其进行工艺优化。电极材料对废水降解的最佳工艺条件为电流密度40mA/cm^2,NaCl质量浓度4g/L,pH=5.0,电极间距10mm,COD的降解率达到90.5%。Ti/RuO2-ZrO2-SnO2电极中SnO2与RuO2生成固溶体,有利于增强涂层与基体之间的结合力,提高电极的稳定性;ZrO2起到细化晶粒的作用,致使电极表面粗糙度增加,增强了电极的电催化性能,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型。
简介:一氧化氮(nitricoxide,NO)作为生物活性分子,广泛参与各种生物和非生物胁迫。采用营养液培养,研究Cu胁迫下番茄体内L-精氨酸、NO、多胺代谢对外源NO的响应机制,以期为铜污染区域蔬菜种植提供科学依据和技术支持。结果表明,Cu胁迫下添加外源SNP(硝普钠,外源NO供体)能够调节番茄根系和叶片中精氨酸脱羧酶(ArginineDecarboxylase,ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(OrnithineDecarboxylase,ODC)及一氧化氮合酶(NitricOxideSynthase,NOS)活性。根系中,外源SNP能够上调NOS活性,L-精氨酸代谢向着NO合成方向进行;叶片中,外源SNP能够同时上调ADC、ODC、NOS活性,PA、NO的合成同时进行;此外,Cu胁迫下添加外源SNP能够增加根系和叶片L-精氨酸含量,而作为PA、NO的合成前体,精氨酸含量升高无疑会间接促进PA、NO的合成,从而提高番茄对Cu胁迫的抵抗能力。
简介:为研究温榆河流域城市化过程中土地利用变化对非点源污染负荷的影响,基于GIS(地理信息系统)和RS(遥感),利用二次开发改进后的长期水文影响评价(L-THIA)模型,采用实地测得的EMC(事件平均浓度)数据,模拟了1992年和2009年非点源污染负荷量。结果表明,1992—2009年的城市化过程中商业用地、交通用地和住宅用地分别增加了13.95%、20.46%和85.76%,农业用地和水域分别减少40.04%和9.64%,导致非点源污染负荷量(总磷除外)明显增加。其中,总氮增加了3.31%,氨氮增加了12.20%,BOD5(5日生化需氧量)增加了11.87%,CODMn(化学需氧量)增加了7.62%,TOC(总有机碳)增加了15.46%,总磷下降了12.84%。交通用地、商业用地的非点源污染产出能力最强,应该成为非点源污染的重点控制区域。
简介:为探讨改性氧化石墨烯(GO)的性质特征对其吸附放射性重金属铀的影响,将L-谷氨酸(L-Glu)与氧化石墨烯发生亲核反应,从而制得L-谷氨酸功能化的氧化石墨烯(LGlu/GO)。通过静态吸附试验,考察了pH值、投加量、反应时间、温度与铀初始质量浓度等因素对L-谷氨酸功能化氧化石墨烯吸附铀效果的影响,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FT-IR)对吸附剂的结构和形貌进行了表征,分析其吸附机理。结果表明,铀初始质量浓度为10mg/L,pH=4,投加量为0.2g/L时吸附效果最佳,吸附平衡时间为40min,温度对吸附效果影响不大。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附方程,铀初始质量浓度为70mg/L,30℃时最大吸附容量为309.36mg/g。L-Glu/GO的表征结果表明,L-谷氨酸上的氨基进攻GO上的环氧基团并与C发生了亲核取代反应,为GO引入了含氮基团,实现了GO的功能化。相比GO,L-Glu/GO的晶体结构发生了较大改变,L-Glu/GO吸附U(VI)后表面更光滑。
简介:随着极端灾害的日益多发,风险社会的复杂性和不确定性愈加突出,给传统灾害应急管理体系带来极大挑战。互联网时代,社交媒体迅速发展并为灾害应急管理带来新思路。本文以2016年6月23日14时30分在江苏省盐城市阜宁县发生的特大龙卷风为案例,以社交媒体的典型代表——微信为研究平台,运用案例研究法和实地调查法,具体分析微信在"6·23阜宁特大龙卷风"灾害应急管理中的使用情况,以深入探讨和总结微信在灾害应急管理中的价值。文章认为,与其他通信手段和信息渠道相比,微信在信息发布上占一席之地,在危机沟通上遥遥领先,在治理参与上行之有效。但是,在重视微信正面功能的同时,也不能忽视其在真实性、冗杂性和不平衡性等方面的不足,需要我们进一步改进和完善各项技术、措施,使微信更好地融入灾害应急管理体系。
简介:β-胡萝卜素-15,15'-加氧酶(β-carotene-15,15'-momoxygenase1,bco1)是β-胡萝卜素转化成维生素A过程中的关键酶,bco1与bco1l是编码此酶的主要基因。本实验利用CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除斑马鱼的与β-胡萝卜素-15,15'-加氧酶编码相关的基因bco1与bco1l,以便深入开展对斑马鱼bco1的功能研究。分别在斑马鱼bco1与bco1l基因2号外显子选取sgRNA识别位点,体外转录制备sgRNA并与Cas9mRNA混合对斑马鱼Ⅰ细胞期受精卵进行显微注射,24h后收集部分胚胎进行PCR检测并将PCR产物进行单克隆测序确定sgRNA的有效性,构建首建鱼,并在此基础上通过PCR检测、凝胶电泳及测序筛选可遗传突变体。本研究分别获得了bco1基因突变与bco1l基因突变,分析表明这些缺失和插入均可导致编码序列的移码,为研究鱼类胡萝卜素代谢及相关发育过程等后续研究提供了材料。
简介:为探讨纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末对细胞DNA损伤作用的差别,采用不同浓度的纳米MnO2与常规MnO2粉末(0、100、200、400μg·mL^-1)对Hela细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测Hela细胞的损伤效应.结果表明,与对照组相比,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(TailDNA%)和尾矩(TailMoment)均显著增加(p〈0.01);同一浓度下,纳米MnO2组细胞尾部DNA百分率和尾矩显著高于常规MnO2组(p〈0.01).以上结果表明,纳米MnO2和常规MnO2粉末均能导致Hela细胞DNA损伤,且纳米MnO2的损伤作用强于常规MnO2.
简介:Globalclimatechangeisoneofthemajorenvironmentalissuesfacedbyhumans.Existingevidenceindicatesthattheanthropogenicpushforariseintheatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegases(GHGs)(particularlyCO2)hasbeenaprimarycauseforglobalwarming.Asidefromeconomicandteclinologicalfactors,demographicdynamics(includinghumanconsumptioninabroaddemographicsense)hasbeenamajordriverforCO2emissions.Inthispaper,weperformedbothnonlinearregressionanalysis(basedontheSTIRPATmodel)andgraycorrelationdegreeanalysis(basedongraysystemtheory)ontheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions.OurresultsrevealthatCO2emissionsarepositivelycorrelatedwithpopulationsizeandGDPpercapitaandnegativelycorrelatedwithenergyintensity.WealsoshowthatgraycorrelationdegreewithCO2emissionsforfivevariables(i.e.,householdconsumption,urbanizationrate,householdsize,populationagingrate,populationsize)variessubstantially:householdconsumption>urbanizationrate>householdsize>populationagingrate>populationsize,withhouseholdconsumptionbeingthehighest,andpopulationsizethelowest.TomitigatetheimpactofdemographicdynamicsonCO2emissions,itisofvitalsignificancetonurturepeople’sawarenessofsustainableconsumptionandtoadheretocurrentpopulationcontrolpolicies.
简介:HouseholdconsumptionisoneoftheimportantfactorsthatinduceCO2emission.Basedoninput-outputmodel,thisarticlecalculatedtheintensityofCO2emissionofdifferentincomegroupsandsevenprovincesinChina,andthenestimatedtotalCO2emissioninducedbyurbanhouseholdconsumptionfrom1995to2004inChinabasedonstatisticdataofhouseholdlivingexpenditure.TheresultsshowthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionhadincreasedfrom1583to2498kgCO2during1995-2004.Theratioofconsumption-inducedCO2emissiontototalCO2emissionhadrisenfrom19%to30%inthepastdecade.IndirectCO2emissionaccountedforanimportantpartoftheconsumption-inducedemission,theratioofindirectemissiontoconsumption-inducedemissionhadrisenfrom69%to79%duringthesameperiod.Asignificantdifferenceinconsumption-inducedCO2emissionacrossdifferentincomegroupsanddifferentregionshasbeenobserved.CO2emissionpercapitaofhigherincomegroupsanddevelopedregionsincreasedfasterthanthatoflowerincomegroupsanddevelopingregions.ChanginglifestylehasdrivensignificantincreaseinCO2emission.Especially,increasesinprivatetransportexpenditure(forexample,vehicleexpenditure)andhousebuildingexpenditurearekeydrivingfactorsofgrowthinconsumption-inducedCO2emission.TherearebigdifferencesintheamountofCO2emissioninducedbychangeinlifestyleacrossdifferentincomegroupsandprovinces.Itcanbeexpectedthatlowerincomehouseholdsanddevelopingregionswillincreaseconsumptiontoimprovetheirlivingswithincomegrowthinthefuture,whichmayinducemuchmoreCO2emission.AreasonablelevelofCO2emissionisnecessarytosatisfyhumanneedsandtoimprovelivingstandard,butanoticeablefactisthatCO2emissionpercapitainducedbyhouseholdconsumptionindevelopedareasofChinahadreachedaquitehighlevel.Adjustmentinlifestyletowardsalow-carbonsocietyisinurgentneed.
简介:为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2+和Cd2+等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48h和96h急性毒性实验。结果表明:Cu2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为8.164mg·L(-1)和6.965mg·L(-1);Cd2+对日本青鳉胚胎24、48h-LC_(50)分别为63.084mg·L(-1)和53.093mg·L(-1);较低浓度组Cu(2+)(≤1.97mg·L(-1))时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组(≥3.87mg·L(-1))胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu(2+)略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd(2+)对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu(2+)和Cd(2+)质量浓度分别高于1.97mg·L(-1)和19.68mg·L(-1)时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率(P〈0.05)。Cu(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.361mg·L(-1)、2.844mg·L(-1)、2.020mg·L(-1)和1.352mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为15.907mg·L(-1)、10.550mg·L(-1)、7.986mg·L(-1)和6.346mg·L(-1);Cu(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为5.732mg·L(-1)、4.037mg·L(-1)、2.498mg·L(-1)和1.955mg·L(-1);Cd(2+)对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96h-LC_(50)分别为16.419mg·L(-1)、11.745mg·L(-1)、8.516mg·L(-1)和6.776mg·L(-1)。与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感。
简介:AftertheKyotoProtocolwasimplemented,carbonleakageexertsgreatinfluencesoninternationaltradeandeconomy.Tradecreatesamechanismforconsumerstoshiftenvironmentalpollutionassociatedwiththeirconsumptiontoothercountries.ChinahasovertakentheU.S.astheworld'sbiggestCO2emittersince2006.AsChina'ssecondlargesttradepartner,theU.S.hasthebiggesttradedeficitwithChinawhichhasarousedalotofdisputesbetweenthetwoparties.ButsofartheassessmentsofthetradeimbalanceofChina-U.S.havepaidlittleattentiontoenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththetradeimbalance.Appliedaninput-outputapproach,thearticleestimatestheamountofCO2embodiedinChina-U.S.tradeduring1997-2007.ItwasfoundthatthroughtradewithChina,theU.S.reduceditsCO2emissionscomparedwithanon-tradescenario.Duetothegreatercarbon-intensityandrelativelylessefficientproductionprocessesofChineseindustry,China-U.S.traderesultedinmoreCO2emissionsinChinaandtheworld.Intheend,thearticlegivessomesuggestions:itisequalandsustainablethattheinternationalaccountingmethodologiesshouldbeimproved,forCO2emissionsresponsibilitymustbedesignedtoaccountforthedynamicnatureofinternationaltrade.
简介:EstablishingpositiveandurgenttargetsforCO2reductionandemissionpeak,andpromotingenergyconservationandenergystructureadjustmentareamongthestrategiestoaddressglobalclimatechangeandCO2emissionsreduction.Theyarealsomeanstobreakthroughtheconstraintsofdomesticresourcesandenvironment,andinternalneeds,toachievesustainabledevelopment.Generallyspeaking,acountry’sCO2emissionpeakappearsafterachievingurbanizationandindustrialization.Bythen,connotativeeconomicgrowthwillappear,GDPwillgrowslowly,energyconsumptionelasticitywilldecrease,andenergyconsumptiongrowthwillslowdown-dependentmainlyonnewandrenewableenergies.Fossilfuelconsumptionwillnotincreasefurther.WhenCO2emissionreachesitspeak,theannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofGDPisgreaterthanGDPannualgrowthrate;andtheannualreductionrateofCO2intensityofenergyuseisgreaterthantheannualgrowthrateofenergyconsumption.Therefore,threeimportantapproachestopromotionofCO2emissionpeakcanbeconcluded:maintainingreasonablecontrolofGDPgrowth,strengtheningenergyconservationtosignificantlyreducetheGDPenergyintensity,andoptimizingtheenergymixtoreducetheCO2intensityofenergyuse.Byaround2030,Chinawillbasicallyhavecompleteditsrapiddevelopmentphaseofindustrializationandurbanization.ConnotativeeconomicgrowthwillappearwiththeaccelerationofindustrialstructureadjustmentThetargetofGDPenergyintensitywillstillbetomaintainanaverageannualreductionof3%orhigher.Theproportionofnon-fossilfuelswillreach20-25%,andtheaimwillbetomaintainanaverageannualgrowthrateof6-8%.Thetotalannualenergydemandgrowthof1.5%willbesatisfiedbythenewlyincreasedsupplyofnon-fossilfuels.TheannualdeclineinCO2intensityofGDPwillreach4.5%orhigher,whichiscompatiblewithanaverageannualGDPgrowth