简介：4学术论文的类型、组成部分及其基本要求4.1学术论文的类型按写作方法和注意事项不同,将本标准覆盖的学术论文划分为三大类：——试验研究类论文（见3.2）;——应用技术类论文（见3.3）;——综述类论文（见3.4）。应用技术类论文又细分为两类：——系统开发类论文（见3.3.1）;——技术改进类论文（见3.3.2）。4.2学术论文的组成部分学术论文的组成部分有：——题名;——作者署名;——摘要；——关键词；——中图分类号；——引言；——正文；——结论或结语（可选）；——致谢（可选）；——参考文献（可选）；——注释。

简介：地形图是分图幅进行管理的,林业生产常用地形图采用经纬网梯形分幅法,不同比例尺的地形图通过不同经度差、纬度差进行分幅,不同比例尺地形图在分幅时存在相关关系,图幅号之间也存在关联,可以通过数学公式进行换算。分幅方法是建立在经纬度基础上,经纬度与图幅号之间可以换算。存在新旧两套地形图编号体系,分幅方法基本相同,但编号差异较大,新旧分幅号相互之间可以换算。通过对地形图分幅及编号的介绍,归纳总结相互之间关系,采用数学公式进行描述,具有较强的可操作性。

简介：以杭州曲院风荷景点为研究对象,以历史文献为线索,结合山水画、版画、照片、测绘图等图像资料,梳理其景观格局变迁历程,分析演变中景物间的联系,并对各时期园林发展情况进行总结。将其发展历程划分为南宋麯院时期、元代至明代衰落时期、清代更址重建时期及中华人民共和国成立至今的公园化时期。认为清康熙年间曲院的迁址与更名是景点发展的重要转折点,这一举动既使古老的景名得以延续,又使景点有了新的内涵和发展空间。园林建筑与环境的营造围绕＂曲＂这一主题展开,代表人工的＂曲院＂与代表自然的＂风荷＂体现了该景点人工建筑与自然景物并重的审美主旨。通过分析整理历史图像资料对于今人了解古代园林变迁有重要帮助。

简介：ＤＯＮＧＲＵＲＡＬＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＹＭＡＮＡＧＥＭＥＮＴ￥ＢｙＹａｎｇＣｈａｎｇｙａｎ；ＷｕＹｉｎｇｂａｎｇａｎｄＰｅｉＣｈａｏｘｉＴｈｅＤｏｎｇｍｉｎｏｒｉｔｙｉｎｈａｂｉｔａｒｅｍｏｔｅｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｏｕｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｕｎｕｓｕａｌｌｙｒｉｃｈｉ...

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简介：Accordingtothestructure-basedforestmanagementtheory,theappraisalindicessystemofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencywasestablishedfromspatialutilization,speciesdiversity,constructivespeciescompetitionandtreecomposition,whichcouldbeusedtodepictstandstatus,anditsmetewandwasgiven.RelativeweightwasendowedbyTheAnalyticHierarchyProcess(AHP),andthentheconceptionofnaturalforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasputforwardforthefirsttimeandappliedtofourdifferentsamplingplotsofnaturalforest,threeofthemfromDongdapoforestregion,Jiaohe,Jilinprovince,andonefromBaihuaforestarea,Xiaolongshan,Gansuprovince,China.Theresultsareasfollowing:thestandstatuswasobviouslyimprovedafterbeingmanagedandplotA,Bgotamarkof"medium"whileCandDwere"perfect".Fromhightolow,thearrangementofforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexwasC>D>A>B.Thisappraisalresultabidedbythephenomenondetectedinthepracticalfield.Theforestmanagementefficiencycomprehensiveappraisalindexbroughtupinthispapercouldbetakenasawayofcomprehensivequantitativechangeofstandstatewhichdirectlyreflectstheeffortofforestmanagementandaffordsscientificbasisofnaturalforestmanagementeffort.

简介：在分析中国水土资源的状况及水土流失危害的基础上，作者介绍了中国山区流域经营的主要经验与措施体系；应用全国各大流域２０个典型，分析了流域经营的效益．为了判别流域经营的可持续性，提出了包括社会经济与生态环境两个方面的可持续流域经营指标体系．

简介：NAC转录因子在植物逆境应答中具有重要的作用。本研究从番茄中克隆了一个NAC基因SlNAC71。该基因编码区长1059bp,编码352个氨基酸,预测分子量约为39.51kD,等电点为8.40。推测的氨基酸序列中含有1个高度保守的NAM结构域。SlNAC71基因序列具有miR164靶序列识别位点。亚细胞定位预测SlNAC71蛋白定位于细胞核。进化树分析发现,SlNAC71和AtNAC分为一个分支。组织特异性表达模式分析表明在检测的所有组织中SlNAC71都有表达,在叶中表达量最高,在茎中表达量最低。SlNAC71基因的表达受高盐诱导,说明番茄SlNAC71基因可能参与番茄对高盐胁迫的应答。

简介：据中国证券报2013年5月30日报道，双汇国际控股有限公司和史密斯菲尔德于2013年5月29日联合公告，双方已达成一份最终并购协议，双汇国际将收购史密斯菲尔德已发行的全部股份，价值约为71亿美元（约合人民币437亿元），其中包括双汇国际将承担史密斯菲尔德的净债务。

简介：<正>Since1980s,participatoryapproach,asatoolandmajortechnology,hasbeenreceivedbymanycountriesandinternationalorgans,andhasbeenusedextensivelyintheprojectsofsurvey,povertyrelief,resourcedevelopmentandresourceprotection.Indeed,thesedevelopmentactions,supportedby

简介：Conflictisanimportantcomponentofhumansocietyandanecessaryforsocialdevelopment,owingtothedifferenceofsocialeconomy,historicalculturalbackgroundandregionalenvironment,variousconflictsandcontradictionswillbegeneratedunavoidably.Insolvingtheseconflictsandcontradic

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简介：ＦａｒｍｅｒＰａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｙｍａｋｉｎｇｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＰｒｏｊｅｃｔｓＢｙＧｕｏＺｈｅｎｇｍｕｏＳｏｃｉａｌｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙｉｓａｎｅｗｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙｔｈｅｏｒｙｔｈａｔｉｓｂｅｇｉｎ...

简介：EucalyptsareverypopularforrevegetationinmanypartsofsouthChinabecauseoftheircapacitytotoleratedegradedsitesandunfertilesoils,andtheirfastgrowthpotentialtocoppice.Thispaperreviewsadecadeoffieldtrialsinchina,undertakenaspartofseveralbilateralresearchprogramsinplantationforestry,concerningtheuseoffertilizers,harvestresiduemanagementandinoculationwithectomycorrhizalfungi.Oneofthekeyquestionsaddressediswhethertheproductivityofplantation...

简介：Watershedmanagementisanever-evolvingpracticeinvolvingthemanagementofland,water,biota,andotherresourcesinadefinedareaforecological,social,andeconomicpurposes.Inthispaper,weexplorethefollowingquestions:Howhaswatershedmanagementevolved?Whatnewtoolsareavailableandhowcantheybeintegratedintosustainablewatershedmanagement?Toaddressthesequestions,wediscusstheprocessofdevelopingintegratedwatershedmanagementstrategiesforsustainablemanagementthroughtheincorporationofadaptivemanagementtechniquesandtraditionalecologicalknowledge.Weaddressthenumerousbenefitsfromintegrationacrossdisciplinesandjurisdictionalboundaries,aswellastheincorporationoftechnologicaladvancements,suchasremotesensing,GIS,bigdata,andmulti-levelsocial-ecologicalsystemsanalysis,intowatershedmanagementstrategies.WeusethreecasestudiesfromChina,Europe,andCanadatoreviewthesuccessandfailureofintegratedwatershedmanagementinaddressingdifferentecological,social,andeconomicdilemmasingeographicallydiverselocations.Althoughprogresshasbeenmadeinwatershedmanagementstrategies,therearestillnumerousissuesimpedingsuccessfulmanagementoutcomes;manyofwhichcanberemediedthroughholisticmanagementapproaches,incorporationofcutting-edgescienceandtechnology,andcross-jurisdictionalcoordination.Weconcludebyhighlightingthatfuturewatershedmanagementwillneedtoaccountforclimatechangeimpactsbyemployingtechnologicaladvancementsandholistic,cross-disciplinaryapproachestoensurewatershedscontinuetoservetheirecological,social,andeconomicfunctions.Wepresentthreecasestudiesinthispaperasavaluableresourceforscientists,resourcemanagers,governmentagencies,andotherstakeholdersaimingtoimproveintegratedwatershedmanagementstrategiesandmoreefficientlyandsuccessfullyachieveecologicalandsocio-economicmanagementobjectives.

简介：AnexperimentwasconductedinaredsoilderivedfromQuaternaryredclayintheEcologicalExperimentStationofRedSoil.theChineseAcademyofSciences,locatedinYingtan(28°15′30″N,116°55′30″E),JiangxiProvince,TheResultsshowthatthemajorwaysofnutrientlossareleachingandnitrogenvolatilization.Rationalizingcropdistribution,stimulatingnutrientrecycling,andimprovinginternalnutrientflowareeffectivemeasurestodecreasenutrientlossandtopromotenutrientutilizationefficiency.Theimportantwaysofregulatingnutrientcyclingandbalanceintheagroecosystemoftheredsoilaretoestablishoptimaleco-agriculturalmodels,practicebalancedfertilizationandcombinethecroppingsystemwiththelivestocksystem.

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简介：ThepurposeofthispaperistostudytheRSdatawebservicesandrelatedsubjectsofdatastorageanddatamanagement.Basedonananalysisofthepresentsituationanddevelopmenttrendofstorageandmanagementofrasterdataandwebservicetechnology,amanagementandservicesystemarchitectureforRemoteSensingrasterdatabasedonwebservicetechnologieswasdeveloped,theimplementationmethodologiesofthekeytechnologyofthesystemwereexploredandaprototypeofthesystemwasillustrated.

简介：Today42%(9000km^2)oftheareaofHesseiscoveredwithforests.Thetotalareaofforestshasslightlyincreasedsinceseveralyears.ButactuallytheforestsadjacenttotheconurbationsofNorthernHesseinthevicinityofKasselinparticularandintheRhein-MainRegionsurroundingFrankfurtareinaverydifficultposition.Thereisbigdemandforlandtobeconvertedintosettlements,infrastructure,etc.,whilethereisincreasingneedfortheprotectiveandrecreationalfunctionsoftheforests.Thereforemaintenanceofexistingforestsandestablishmentofnewforestsareamongstthemostimportantresponsibilitiesoftheforestauthoritiesonregionalanddistrictlevel.

简介：Background:Forestecosystemsareincreasinglyseenasmulti-functionalproductionsystems,whichshouldprovide,besidestimberandeconomicbenefits,alsootherecosystemservicesrelatedtobiologicaldiversity,recreationalusesandenvironmentalfunctionsofforests.Thisstudyanalyzedtheperformanceofeven-agedrotationforestmanagement(RFM)continuouscoverforestry(CCF)andany-agedforestry(AAF)intheproductionofecosystemservices.AAFalowsbotheven-agedanduneven-agedmanagementschedules.Theecosystemservicesincludedintheanalyseswerenetpresentvalue,volumeofharvestedtimber,cowberryandbilberryyields,scenicvalueoftheforest,carbonbalanceandsuitabilityoftheforesttoSiberianjay.Methods:Dataenvelopmentanalysiswasusedtoderivenumericalefficiencyratiosforthethreemanagementsystems.Efficiencyratioisthesumofweightedoutputs(ecosystemservices)dividedbythesumofweightedinputs.ThelinearprogramingmodelproposedbyCharnes,CooperandRhodeswasusedtoderivetheweightsforcalculatingefficiencyscoresforthesilviculturalsystems.Resultsandconclusions:CCFprovidedmoreecosystemservicesthanRFM,andCCFwasmoreefficientthanRFMandAAFintheproductionofecosystemservices.Multi-objectivemanagementprovidedmoreecosystemservices(exceptharvestedtimber)thansingle-objectivemanagementthatmaximizedeconomicprofitability.Theuseoflowdiscountrate(resultinginlowcuttinglevelandhighgrowingstockvolume)ledtobettersupplyofmostecosystemsservicesthantheuseofhighdiscountrate.RFMwhereNPVwasmaximizedwithhighdiscountrateledtoparticularlypoorprovisionofmostecosystemservices.InCCFtheprovisionofecosystemserviceswaslesssensitivetochangesindiscountrateandmanagementobjectivethaninRFM.